Reviews

Maserati first spliced into the electric-vehicle revolution with the GranTurismo Folgore, its reborn GT enhanced by elements from the automaker’s Formula E racing program. The wish-list specs on its data sheet include: a dog-bone-shaped battery for the lowest possible center of gravity, three motors that spin to 17,500 rpm, silicon-carbide inverters, 60 mph in a claimed 2.7 seconds, and a 202-mph top speed. And while it makes do with 818 horsepower, it stands ready to supply up to 1206 horses—it already makes 995 pound-feet of torque—once more robust high-performance batteries become available.Maserati’s Grecale compact SUV, on the other hand, is marketed with the tagline “everyday exceptional.” Whether powered by an internal-combustion engine or, in this case, a battery-electric powertrain in Grecale Folgore trim, that “everyday” indicates fare closer to a staple dish than the GranTurismo Folgore’s five-star Modenese treat. Thing is, anyone who’s been to a fine Italian restaurant knows that a proper chef can make even an earthy staple like pork ragu over polenta a molto insigne experience. Grecale Folgore’s EV StatsFor the Grecale Folgore, engineers reworked the floor plan to fit a skateboard-style battery. The pack is made up of 33 modules, 29 laid out in a flat rectangle, four on a level above, hidden by the rear seat. Knowing they wanted the EV’s interior dimensions to match those of the gasoline-powered SUV, while maintaining aero efficiency, engineers lowered the floor instead of raising it. The ICE Grecale’s 8.3 inches of ground clearance becomes 6.7 inches in the Folgore, and the Folgore’s roof sits a third of an inch closer to the ground. The Grecale Folgore’s reworked ingredients relative to the GranTurismo start with the battery. Whereas the high-performance coupe’s 83.0-kWh pack gets lithium-ion cells from LG feeding an 800-volt architecture, the Grecale Folgore’s 98.6-kWh pack is powered by lithium-ion cells from CATL electrifying a 400-volt architecture. The GranTurismo’s three motors are built by Marelli Motori to a Maserati design; the Grecale’s two motors come from Jing-Jin Electric (JJE). They spin slower than the GranTurismo’s, and you’ll find no fancy silicon carbide in the inverters. Together, the two motors make 550 horsepower and 605 pound-feet of torque, split evenly between the front and rear axles.Maserati estimates max European WLTP range at 311 miles. Peak DC fast-charging of 150 kilowatts refills the pack from 20 to 80 percent in a claimed 29 minutes. Plugged into the highest-powered Level 2 outlet, the 22.0-kW onboard charger restores 100 kilometers (62 miles) of range in an hour.From a standstill, 62 mph takes 4.1 seconds, according to Maserati, while top speed is limited to 137 mph. However, you’ll only enjoy the best performance or range if you choose the appropriate options.The Grecale Folgore is offered in a single trim, dispensing with the ICE model’s GT, Modena, and Trofeo divisions. Maximum range requires the 19-inch wheels, but the U.S. won’t get those; we’re limited to 20- or 21-inch wheels on either Pirelli Scorpion Zero all-season or Pirelli P Zero Elect summer tires. The 21-inchers, bearing a slightly more ornate, less aero-friendly design, drop range to an estimated 265 miles of WLTP range; the 20-inchers will fall between that and 311 miles. Maserati said the range delta between the 19- and 20-inchers would be smaller than the 19- to 21-inch delta, because of the smaller wheels’ identical design. We estimate EPA numbers coming in at 255 miles for the 20s and 225 miles for the 21s.Of the four driving modes—Offroad, Max Range, GT, and Sport—only Sport frees the Grecale’s full power output, the circular Thrust gauge on the left of the digital dash running to 100 percent. In GT (the default), only 80 percent of the horsepower reaches the axles. In Max Range, it’s 75 percent, dropping to 50 percent if the power limiter is activated. Changes vs. the Gas-Powered GrecaleBeyond the powertrain, the rest is effectively the ICE-powered Grecale we’ve known since last year. The Folgore barely diverges from the ICE version’s muted, muscular look. The regular Grecale’s grille features vertical slats, whereas Folgore gets slim oval cutouts instead. Solid panels outlined with body-colored brackets replace the standard model’s front side intakes. And, naturally, the Folgore sports no tailpipes; the rear-diffuser inserts obscure two loudspeakers that create the mandated sounds to warn pedestrians of an approaching EV.Inside, the EV’s interior design and dimensions copy its ICE sibling’s. Instead of the wheel-mounted paddles operating a gearbox, they control four stages of regen (coasting, combustion-engine braking feel, 0.14 g of recuperation, and 0.21 g of recuperation). The infotainment system adds a folio of EV-specific pages. Econyl, a recycled nylon made from fish nets, supplies the seat center material for the Folgore’s standard chairs, trimmed with Feeltek imitation leather. The fabric is ornamented with patterns inspired by the Italian architect Pier Luigi Nervi, although the seats can be ordered in full bovine leather to match the dashboard, which always comes covered in stitched hides. Pricing for the electric Grecale is expected to come in just north of $100,000; the gasoline-powered version starts at $69,995.Driving the Grecale FolgoreWhen pressed to perform, the Folgore hits high notes like the Grecale Trofeo—and in a couple of ways, higher notes. The Trofeo’s 523 horsepower and 457 pound-feet stalk the Folgore’s outputs, the EV’s added gumption necessary to move its extra weight; the Folgore’s 1490-pound battery pushes curb weight to a claimed 5745 pounds, or by Maserati’s scales, roughly 1000 pounds more than the Grecale Trofeo. As we’ve seen in other SUVs, no matter their power sources, the witchcraft of modern suspension tuning negates trends toward portliness. The steering feels less twitchy than the Trofeo’s, the low-down mass is a natural damper against minor road flaws, the standard air springs and adaptive dampers are more than up to the challenge of shifting copious weight smoothly. Only sharp bumps and potholes disturbed the ride on 21-inch wheels. The Trofeo takes a claimed 3.8 seconds to hit 62 mph, versus 4.1 seconds for the Folgore. Even at the Max Range’s 75 percent power setting, the Folgore throws down compelling acceleration. In GT or Sport, passengers need to hold onto objects in the cabin they don’t want flying toward the rear window.During a 120-mile tour of Italy’s Puglia region, the Folgore’s only sour note was its manufactured sound in Sport. In the other modes, synthesized sounds are subdued, in order to be inoffensive in the city, and they’re overwhelmed by driving noise at highway speed. The more emphatic composition in Sport, at a claimed three decibels louder, occasionally lacks harmony when accelerating and decelerating, then hovers on the cusp of droning when cruising. The sound can be turned down but not off. It’s possible a future over-the-air update could revise the soundtrack or allow full shutoff. We already have a hand up for a silent interior option.The Folgore is pleasantly quiet otherwise, thanks to measures like double layers of isolation on noise-making electric-motor parts and acoustic laminated windows. And the Pirelli P Zero tires barely registered a whisper in the cabin, a boon compared to the Trofeo’s Bridgestone Potenza Sport summer tires that can’t help making an uproar on all but the kindest pavement.More on the Maserati GrecaleMaserati doesn’t want to characterize the Grecale Folgore as an electric version of the twin-turbocharged V-6-powered Grecale Trofeo. But we’re reminded of that old saw about what looks like a duck . . . the Folgore might not quack like its Trofeo cousin, but in every substantial way, the Grecale Folgore is the same exciting ride. And plenty of actual ducks, like the Muscovy and Cayuga, don’t really quack either. SpecificationsSpecifications
2025 Maserati Grecale FolgoreVehicle Type: front- and rear-motor, all-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door wagon
PRICE (C/D EST)
Base: $100,000
POWERTRAIN
Front Motor: permanent-magnet synchronous AC, 275 hp, 302 lb-ftRear Motor: permanent-magnet synchronous AC, 275 hp, 302 lb-ftCombined Power: 550 hpCombined Torque: 605 lb-ftBattery Pack: liquid-cooled lithium-ion, 98.6 kWhOnboard Charger: 22.0 kWPeak DC Fast-Charge Rate: 150 kWTransmissions, F/R: direct-drive
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 114.3 inLength: 191.5 inWidth: 76.7 inHeight: 65.0 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 55/49 ft3Curb Weight (C/D est): 5750 lb
PERFORMANCE (C/D EST)
60 mph: 3.9 sec100 mph: 10.0 sec1/4-Mile: 12.5 secTop Speed: 137 mph
EPA FUEL ECONOMY (C/D EST)
Combined/City/Highway: 83/90/85 MPGeRange: 225–255 mi More

From the July 1999 issue of Car and Driver.Explaining the appeal of extremely powerful cars to nonenthusiasts can be like trying to explain sex to a three-year-old. “Why in the world would you need so much power?” they ask. If you have to ask, well, you’ll probably never understand.Some cars that grace our parking lot, though, leave us almost asking the same question. Dodge Viper Venoms from Houston-based Hennessey Motorsports come to mind. HMS Venoms we’ve tested, packed with 550 or more horsepower, could rocket to 60 mph in well under four seconds and could top out at nearly 200 mph. For street-legal machinery, that’s outlandish speed. Use such capability often on public roads, and your license wouldn’t be the only thing you would be putting in jeopardy. This dilemma is one reason HMS owner John Hennessey developed the Venom 650R. Like the Porsche RSR in Europe, it’s a sports car intended for the racetrack that just happens to be street legal. Hennessey got the idea for the 650R from attending some “Viper Days” club races. These increasingly popular events, which include a driving school for novices, are now held in conjunction with a series sponsored by Michelin called the Viper Challenge. Some of Hennessey’s customers at these events expressed interest in a purpose-built Viper race car that’s cheaper than Dodge’s factory-built $325,000 Viper GTS-R. The Venom 650R is Hennessey’s answer. As with HMS street cars, the engine is the heart of the 650R. After disassembly, the crankshaft is reground with a 4.03-inch stroke, and the cylinders are rebored to an equivalent dimension, yielding a dis­placement of 8424 cc—nearly half a liter more displacement than the stock V-10. The block is restuffed with forged steel connecting rods, forged aluminum pistons, and a revised camshaft, and the heads are ported, polished, and fitted with a heavy­-duty valvetrain. Feeding those heads is a Hennessey low-restriction airbox with K & N filters, 70 mm throttle bodies, and a ported and polished stock intake manifold. Aft of the engine are 1.75-inch HMS stainless-steel headers dumping into twin 3.0-inch HMS stainless exhausts. For these modifications, HMS charges $37,500, but that sum doesn’t complete our 650R’s driveline. There’s also an aluminum fly­wheel for $1500 and an aluminum radiator upgrade that goes for a similar amount. On Hennessey’s Dynojet dyna­mometer, this balanced-and-blueprinted concoction rings up 583 horsepower and 585 pound-feet of torque at the rear wheels, which translates to about 670 horsepower and 673 pound-feet at the fly­wheel. The stock V-10’s 450 horsepower and 490 pound-feet seem almost mild in comparison. With such bodacious power, this Viper is capable of spending more time at higher speeds. Aerodynamics questions this may pose are answered by the 650R’s “VenomAero” body package, which Hennessey says he spent more than $100,000 developing with the help of race-car designer Steve Everett. It consists of a front fascia with brake cooling ducts, a rear bumper with an underbody air diffuser, and a rear wing. In fiberglass, it’s $12,500, and in the lighter carbon fiber on our tester, it’s $20,000. Hennessey claims the wing generates about 100 pounds of rear down­force at 130 mph, and the new schnoz adds about 200 pounds up front (when a remov­able three-inch carbon-fiber lip is installed). These numbers were deter­mined at speed using a Pi data-acquisition system that monitored front and rear sus­pension compression. For $6500, the suspension sports Penske adjustable shocks with Hypercoil springs at all four corners that lower ride height by 2.0 inches in the front and 1.5 inches in the rear. A power-steering-cooler upgrade is $800. There’s also a $12,000 Brembo racing brake package with mas­sive 13-inch discs gripped by four-piston calipers front and rear. Another $5000 buys custom HMS polished alloy wheels. They’re wrapped with $1500 Hoosier racing rubber, 275/35ZR-18 in the front and 335/35ZR-18 in the rear. Typical racing accouterments wrap up the package. Inside are $3400 of Sparco racing seats with Simpson five-point har­nesses. A Halon fire extinguisher adds $200 and mounts to a four-point roll bar ($1500). A short-throw HMS shifter for $300 tightens the H-pattern. For visual stimulation, Hennessey adds $950 of carbon-fiber instrument bezels and fin­ishes off the entire beast in clear-coated Plymouth Prowler yellow for $6500. No race-car transformation would be complete without a diet. Aside from the lighter body parts, seats, and flywheel, Hennessey removes the hood hinges, the spare tire, and the air-conditioning system. Our test car weighed in at 3271 pounds, which is 139 pounds less than the Viper GTS in our July 1997 supercar comparison.With such lean muscle, the Venom takes easily to the track. In the straight­away, it explodes out of the hole, grabbing 60 mph in 3.4 seconds and the quarter-mile in 11.3 seconds at 129 mph. Its blistering 207-mph top speed, though, comes with an asterisk—Hennessey removed the drag-­inducing rear wing, windshield wipers, and side-view mirrors for that test. Figure more like 200 mph with those items installed. Our car also had the catalysts removed for all testing—including the dyno run—as they would be for racing, claims Hennessey. Fair enough.We won’t fuss over the rest of the 650R’s performance. Cornering grip is a neck-straining 1.04 g’s. Braking from 70 mph requires just 143 feet. That’s 34 fewer feet than in the last Viper GTS we tested. In fact, it’s the shortest stopping distance of any street-legal car we’ve ever tested. That’s without ABS, too. On a road course, it works marvelously. The steering, which is distracted on the street, gains composure and precision at speed. The brakes scrub off triple-digit speeds with excellent feel and balance. As we exit the corners, the big V-10 shoves our posterior firmly into the Sparco. With little practice and one passenger on board, we managed to lap DaimlerChrysler’s proving-ground handling course in 1 minute and 12 seconds. Our best time in a stock GTS with ample practice (and no passengers) was 1:13. As a street car, the 650R barely quali­fies. The nearly open exhaust is so loud, you’re noticed everywhere you go; even puttering drives around town turn into a kind of psychological torture. Quieter muf­flers that cost a few horsepower are avail­able from HMS. More Viper From the ArchiveOne more thing. Take the 650R plunge, and you’ll also get one free day of instruc­tion at the Justin Bell Viper Driving School at Moroso Motorsports Park in Florida. Free is a relative term here. Add up that tab, not forgetting the $74,081 price of a new Viper GTS donor, and you’re looking at $173,031 for our 650R test car. Figure that’s the cost of justifying to your slow-poke friends why you need all that power.SpecificationsSpecifications
1999 Hennessey Venom 65RVehicle Type: front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-passenger, 2-door coupe
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $165,581/$173,031(base price includes all performance-enhancing options)
ENGINEpushrod 20-valve V-10, aluminum block and heads, port fuel injectionDisplacement: 514 in3, 8424 cm3Power: 670 hp @ 5800 rpmTorque: 673 lb-ft @ 4600 rpm 
TRANSMISSION6-speed manual 
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 96.2 inLength: 175.1 inCurb Weight: 3271 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 3.4 sec100 mph: 7.1 sec1/4-Mile: 11.4 sec @ 129 mph130 mph: 11.6 sec150 mph: 16.7 sec170 mph: 24.0 secRolling Start, 5–60 mph: 4.3 secTop Speed (drag ltd): 207 mph*Braking, 70–0 mph: 143 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 1.04 g *With windshield wipers, side-view mirrors, and rear wing removed and with smaller 17-inch wheels and tires fitted.
C/D FUEL ECONOMY
Observed: 12 mpg
C/D TESTING EXPLAINED More

Sometimes an automaker defines a trend, as Toyota once did with the Prius hybrid. Other times they stumble into greatness by accident. The latter describes the life story of what has now become the 2024 Lexus GX550, which started as a less capable and more luxurious version of the 4Runner back when body-on-frame family SUVs were all the rage. For the most part, those early GX470s spent their days as pampered mall wagons, maintained within an inch of their lives at Lexus dealers, eventually finding new purpose as dirt-road warriors with subsequent owners.Today, unibody SUVs have made great strides in improving off-road capability, so the case for a third-generation body-on-frame GX may at first seem shaky. But Lexus recently released the TX SUV, a three-row family crossover for those who avoid dirt. Meanwhile, overlanding has become mainstream enough that first owners are risking their rigs off-road—or kitting them out so it looks like they do. Also, unibody-based crossovers can only manage towing to a middling degree. The ladder-framed GX550, on the other hand, is a legit tow vehicle, and this latest iteration of GX feels like a welcome change from the ordinary at just the right time.Leaning into Those Truckish RootsThe new GX550 lineup includes three tiers, each with an upgraded “+” variant. At one end there’s the $64,250 Premium: a three-row, seven-passenger base configuration (a six-seater setup is optional on the Premium+) that rides on 20-inch wheels and 265/55 Yokohama tires. The Luxury starts at $77,250 and rolls on 22-inch wheels and 265/50 Dunlops, and it’s available in the optional six- or standard seven-passenger configurations. In between there’s the Overtrail, an off-road-focused five-seater that wears 18-inch wheels and 265/70 Toyo Open Country A/T III all-terrain tires standing at a lofty 33 inches.The Overtrail’s lack of a third row could trouble some, but the result is a lower load floor (2.0 inches, by our reckoning) that creates a significantly larger cargo volume (46 instead of 40 cubic feet) behind the second row. This and other minor equipment deletions trim enough cost that a lockable rear differential, adaptive dampers, multi-terrain select, multi-terrain monitor system, crawl control, downhill assist control, a roof rack, the Cold Area package, and the new E-KDSS (Electronic Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System) with independently detachable front and rear anti-roll bars can be had for the same $69,250 they charge for a Premium+ that lacks such equipment. Less 4Runner, More Land CruiserIn the Lexus lineup, the big-boy LX600 is essentially a 300-series Land Cruiser dressed for a night on the town. But that’s not the one we get. Toyota infamously decided against the 300-series for the USA, opting instead to go with 250-series Land Cruiser Prado roots for the soon-to-be-(re)released edition of their marquee model. The GX550 is the Lexus version of that 250, and not getting the 300-series may seem like a raw deal, but the Toyota platform that underpins them makes the chassis differences between the 250-series GX and the 300-series LX so small as to be insignificant. Example: The GX550’s 112.2-inch wheelbase matches the LX600, while the GX’s width range of 78.0 to 78.7 (depending on wheel/tire combo) brackets the LX’s 78.4 inches. Suspension track widths follow the same pattern, as their front and rear suspension layouts match. Both have full-time four-wheel drive with a lockable Torsen center differential inside their low-range transfer cases. Both receive motivation from a twin-turbo 3.4-liter V-6 backed by a 10-speed automatic. They even share the same impressive torque peak of 479 pound-feet at just 2000 rpm.For the GX550, this represents a humongous 150-lb-ft gain over the outgoing GX460, and that wallop arrives a full 1500 rpm earlier. Sure, the LX600 makes 409 horses while the GX550 is detuned to 349 horsepower, but that’s still a 48-pony windfall compared to its predecessor. The extra punch is palpable, and the significant uptick in grunt does away with the 460’s notorious initial hesitation that made it feel even heavier than it was. Lexus says the GX550 is in fact some 400 pounds heavier, but you’d swear it was lighter. Lexus also claims the new GX will accelerate from zero to 60 mph in 6.5 seconds, which destroys their 7.8-second GX460 claim. For reference, the last GX460 we tested achieved 60 mph in 7.2 seconds.A maximum tow rating of 9096 pounds goes along with the uprated chassis and fortified engine, a huge increase from the 460’s comparatively pedestrian 6500-pound effort. Surprisingly, the gains carry over to the pump, where the 460’s 16-mpg combined (15 city/19 highway) improves to a Lexus-estimated 17 mpg. The GX550’s 21-mpg highway claim comes from copious low-rpm torque and 10 forward gears instead of six.Smooth Operator, On- or Off-Road The GX’s Premium+ trim is fitted with conventional passive dampers to go with its 20-inch rolling stock, but it delivers a smooth ride and crisp steering. Road cracks and seams can penetrate the suspension’s defenses, but to a more subdued degree than the old GX. It’s by no means a rough ride, but the TX is on standby for those who seek crossover cushiness.Ironically, the Overtrail is smoother over rougher pavement than the Premium+, perhaps because those 33-inch tires and 18-inch wheels equate to 1.5 inches of extra sidewall. Standard adaptive dampers smooth those edges even further. The Overtrail’s setup also rewards on washboard dirt roads, but the killer app that makes this new trim practically glide off-road is the new E-KDSS.Lexus’s old KDSS tech disabled the front and rear anti-roll bars simultaneously because of how its passive hydraulics were plumbed, but E-KDSS uses an ECU to disable the bars independently, so each end responds in turn as an obstacle is encountered. The result is far less head toss through angled ditches and a sense that the dampers are more sophisticated than they are. Actually, it’s E-KDSS that’s doing the work. We have not yet measured an RTI (Ramp Travel Index) score, But Lexus’s claimed 24.5 inches of articulation suggests a healthy score of some 630 points.The Overtrail’s transfer case engages quickly, but we were particularly smitten with a small change to the operational logic of the lockable center differential. In the past, switching into low range automatically locked the center diff. The button was provided if you wanted to lock it in 4Hi. This always seemed logical, on the basis that 4Lo was for rough going. But a locked center diff plays havoc with turning radius, and tight trails have tighter switchbacks. Solution: The GX550 keeps the center diff unlocked when switching to 4Lo and makes locking an independent choice. Result: extremely tight off-road hairpins and fewer three-point turns.Inside OutInside, the GX550 impresses with a lush and attractive interior. The 12.3-inch configurable instrument display and 14.0-inch infotainment touchscreen are similar to those found in the new Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road, but the GX-specific instrument graphics are surprisingly dim, as if the adjustment range only covers nighttime driving. The crystal-clear infotainment screen works as expected, though.The thing that stands out more is the stellar outward visibility. The GX’s hood styling features a broad trough that offers a clear view of the road and makes easy work of judging the forward limits, while the fender creases that look striking in profile telegraph a clear idea of where the tires are. Moreover, the glass dips down at the cowl to expand the side view downward, and the mirror sits back from the roof pillar to allow a sneak peek in between. The end result is a driving position that gives a commanding view without being so upright that it feels overtly truckish and buries your coif in the roof.In fact, our tallest tester didn’t merely fit well in front, he was able to sit behind his own front seat. He also fit in the third row, sort of, but six feet two is a bit much to ask back there, especially since the live rear axle pushes the rearmost floor up, sending knees skyward. Those of above-average height need not apply, and if that won’t do, the TX is right across the showroom. The Overtrail neatly sidesteps this conundrum, of course, by not offering a third row.April, FoolsThe 2024 Lexus GX550 is a vastly improved version of its former self. The existence of the TX three-row crossover SUV allows the GX to lean into its body-on-frame roots, which arguably allowed the Overtrail to come into existence. In fact, one could argue that this off-road-focused GX550 trim is now a more capable Lexus-badged Land Cruiser than the 300-series-based LX600. After all, the LX only theoretically offers 18-inch wheels and tires and doesn’t bother with a lockable rear differential or disconnecting anti-roll bars. More on the Lexus GXLexus expects the Premium+ to be the sales-leading trim when the GX goes on sale this April, and that’s certain to be the case because the Premium is a fantastic three-row SUV that can either wander off the beaten path or tow 9000-plus pounds on it. But the new Overtrail represents a huge bargain for those gearing up to off-road—or just look like they will. This is the 2024 Lexus GX550 trim that value-seeking, dirt-loving second owners will prize on the used market. What’s more, we got through this whole piece without once mentioning how much less hideous the GX’s new grille looks. Perhaps there’s hope for BMW yet.Specifications Specifications
2024 Lexus GX550Vehicle Type: front-engine, 4-wheel-drive, 5-, 6-, or 7-passenger, 4-door wagon
PRICE
Premium, $64,250; Premium+, $69,250; Overtrail, $69,250; Overtrail+, $77,250; Luxury, $77,250; Luxury+, $81,250
ENGINE
twin-turbocharged and intercooled DOHC 24-valve V-6, aluminum block and heads, port and direct fuel injectionDisplacement: 210 in3, 3445 cm3Power: 349 hp @ 5200 rpmTorque: 479 lb-ft @ 2000 rpm
TRANSMISSION
10-speed automatic
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 112.2 inLength: 197.1Width: 78.0-78.7 inHeight: 75.4-76.2 inPassenger Volume*, F/M/R: 56-59/51-52/34 ft3Cargo Volume*, Behind F/M/R: 77/40-46/10 ft3Curb Weight (C/D est): 5600-5750 lb*Overtrail model is two rows only.
PERFORMANCE (C/D EST)
60 mph: 6.5 sec1/4-Mile: 15.3 secTop Speed: 109 mph
EPA FUEL ECONOMY (MFR EST)
Combined/City/Highway: 17/15/21 mpgDan Edmunds was born into the world of automobiles, but not how you might think. His father was a retired racing driver who opened Autoresearch, a race-car-building shop, where Dan cut his teeth as a metal fabricator. Engineering school followed, then SCCA Showroom Stock racing, and that combination landed him suspension development jobs at two different automakers. His writing career began when he was picked up by Edmunds.com (no relation) to build a testing department. More

From the February 1985 issue of Car and Driver.Ever since the rebirth of the GTO, Ferrari fanatics have been pushing and shoving to queue up for the new supercar. None that we know of have actually succeeded in lay­ing hands on one as yet. The process seems to be a lot like waiting for campaign prom­ises to come true: the factory in Maranello is known for talking big and delivering lat­er, if at all.An alternative worth considering is the injection of some of the GTO’s twin-turbo magic into a current Ferrari Quattrovalvole (308GTSi). This requires doing without the GTO’s other exotic performance ac­couterments, but the prospect of old-fash­ioned twelve-cylinder muscle in a car wear­ing the rampant-stallion insignia is usually enough to make the faithful salivate in anticipation. We recently tested such a double-blown car, a 308 Quattrovalvole supplied by Prancing Horse, Inc., a Ferrari service and high-performance emporium in Campbell, California. Although Prancing Horse supplies and installs its own kits, this particular development was undertaken jointly with now defunct Pfaff Turbo, in nearby San Jose. As turbo kits go, this is one of the most straightforward installations we’ve ever seen. Each bank of the V-8 feeds an IHI RHB52 turbocharger via a special exhaust manifold. Each compressor mouth is pro­tected by a K&N air filter, and the twin streams of compressed air produced by the turbos are gathered and then routed through the K-Jetronic fuel-injection sys­tem’s metering unit on the way to the origi­nal intake manifold. Peak boost pressure is 7.0 psi, regulated by the turbo’s integral wastegates. Minor modifications to the fuel-pressure regulator provide a slightly richer mixture whenever manifold pres­sure rises above atmospheric. On the ex­haust side, Prancing Horse has fitted a Eu­ropean, catalyst-free system to minimize back pressure. There are no internal changes to the 32-valve engine, no major intake-system revisions, and no complicat­ed engine-control systems. According to Rick Brady, the proprietor of Prancing Horse, this simplicity is made possible by the inherent stoutness of the Ferrari V-8. The good combustion and detonation resistance inherent in a four­-valve combination chamber are also help­ful, and the modest, 8.6:1 compression ra­tio doesn’t hurt. There’s no denying that this turbo instal­lation really brings the 308 engine to life. As a matter of fact, it transforms the mid-­engined machine into one of the fastest road rockets going. The twin-turbo 308 sprints from a standing start to 60 mph in just 5.6 seconds, to 100 mph in 12.3 sec­onds, and then claws to 130 mph in 23.0 seconds. In the process, it devours a quar­ter-mile in 13.5 seconds, achieving 107 mph through the traps. Top speed is limit­ed to 147 mph by gearing and the engine’s redline, but with an estimated 350 horsepower, it doesn’t take long to get there. Any 308 driver should be able to appre­ciate the benefits of a major boost in horse­power. The turbos trim nearly two seconds from zero-to-sixty and quarter-mile times, so the homemade GTO should never have to sneak around, fearing encounters with Porsche 911s or 928s, Chevrolet Cor­vettes, or the current domestic pony cars. In fact, the double-blown 308 reminded us of the much revered Ferrari Daytona. Ex­cept in top speed, its performance almost perfectly matches the older twelve-cylin­der’s, putting the 308 at the overachieving end of the speed spectrum, exactly where Ferraris belong. In exchange for this vast improvement, the modified engine extracts little penalty in everyday, nonfrenetic driving. One rea­son is the essentially stock intake system, which keeps low-speed response respect­able. In top gear, the modified 308 goes from 30 to 50 mph in 9.5 seconds and from 50 to 70 mph in 8.1 seconds—versus 8.7 and 8.8 seconds, respectively, for the stan­dard car. Obviously, in the 1500-to-3500-rpm range used in this test, there’s not much boost available; but once the engine is turning 3000 rpm, the boost gauge is on the rise and there’s a full 4000 rpm worth of engine operation left. The engine’s sound is also thoroughly refined. At the upper end of its rev range, the well-known Ferrari shriek is very much in evidence. At the low end, however, the twin-turbo V-8 is surprisingly silent and docile. Indeed, at a steady 70 mph, we mea­sured a sound level of 78 dBA, 3 dBA lower than a standard car. Our impressive C/D fuel economy of 17 mpg is another indica­tion that this car is a capable cruiser. The 308’s chassis accepts the extra pow­er with eagerness. Our test car, equipped with Goodyear NCT tires, retained the ba­sic combination of initial understeer and terminal oversteer, but the transition could be prompted a bit sooner with the stronger engine. The 308’s handling characteristics are still quite manageable, as long as the driver doesn’t get carried away with the extra horsepower. More FerrariObviously, this twin-turbo installation eliminates all the emissions controls, and it’s unlikely to enhance the engine’s lon­gevity. Still, the system did withstand the rigors of our performance tests, and Brady says he’s seen excellent reliability in several similar installations. The complete pack­age costs $6000, but you can save a grand if you bolt the hardware on yourself. Consid­ering that some dealers are demanding $10,000 for a highly dubious GTO “reser­vation,” $6000 for a pair of turbos to tide you over sounds entirely reasonable.SpecificationsSpecifications
1985 Ferrari 308 Twin-TurboVehicle Type: mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-passenger, 2-door targa
PRICE
Kit: $6000
ENGINEtwin-turbocharged V-8, aluminum block and heads, direct fuel injectionDisplacement: 179 in3, 2927 cm3Power (C/D est): 350 hp @ 6500 rpm 
TRANSMISSION5-speed manual 
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 92.1 inLength: 174.2 inCurb Weight: 3350 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 5.6 sec100 mph: 12.3 sec1/4-Mile: 13.5 sec @ 107 mph130 mph: 23.0 secTop Speed: 147 mph 
C/D FUEL ECONOMY
Observed: 17 mpg
C/D TESTING EXPLAINEDCsaba Csere joined Car and Driver in 1980 and never really left. After serving as Technical Editor and Director, he was Editor-in-Chief from 1993 until his retirement from active duty in 2008. He continues to dabble in automotive journalism and LeMons racing, as well as ministering to his 1965 Jaguar E-type, 2017 Porsche 911, and trio of motorcycles—when not skiing or hiking near his home in Colorado.  More

Now in its fourth model year, Volvo’s battery-powered XC40 Recharge—the brand’s spearhead into the EV market—sees its first major change with the arrival of a rear-drive, single-motor model. Until now, the XC40 Recharge—and its slope-roofed, EV-only sibling, the C40—has been available exclusively with a muscled-up, dual-motor powertrain boasting 402 horsepower. The XC40 Recharge Single Motor, as it’s called, trades a bunch of those ponies for better range and a lower price point, but those benefits prove modest indeed.The 248-hp Single Motor makes 310 pound-feet of torque, and it drives the rear wheels (just like a classic brick 240!). That horsepower figure may be well shy of the Twin Motor, but it’s fully competitive with rival single-motor electric SUVs. The Volvo’s output bests the Mercedes-Benz EQB250+, Audi Q4 e-tron, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Nissan Ariya, and Lexus RZ300e, but it’s short of the top-spec versions of the Volkswagen ID.4, the Ford Mustang Mach-E, and the mechanically related Polestar 2. HIGHS: EPA range increases to 293 miles, improved ride versus earlier models, six-year-old styling still looks fresh.At the test track, 60 mph arrives in 6.5 seconds, while the quarter-mile passes in 15.2 seconds at 91 mph. That effort leaves this XC40 in its dual-motor sibling’s proverbial dust—the beefier brother stormed to 60 mph in 4.3 seconds in our testing and zoomed through the quarter-mile in 12.9 seconds at 108 mph. But the Single Motor Volvo is hardly a laggard. It’s quicker than the 238-hp front-drive Ariya and (just barely) the rear-drive Kia EV6, even if it’s not as spry as the also newly rear-drive Polestar 2. That said, the XC40 isn’t some hard-edged machine that fosters Max Verstappen fantasies. And whereas foot-to-the-floor acceleration in the Twin Motor version can feel frenetic—particularly with the rather casual body control afforded by this chassis—the Single Motor XC40 seems brisk and confident as it easily squirts through traffic or merges onto the freeway. Skidpad grip is a modest 0.83 g, and the steering offers a choice of reasonable or slightly higher effort. Stops from 70 mph take just 166 feet, and brake modulation is fairly good. For liftoff regen, drivers can choose none (the standard setup) or a one-pedal driving mode. The Single Motor benefits from the same chassis revisions that were visited upon the Twin Motor version: softer springs, revised dampers, and a new rear subframe. Although our test car rolled on 20-inch wheels with 235/45R-20 front and 255/40R-20 rear tires—up from standard 19s—ride quality seemed markedly better than the last XC40 Recharge we tested, with the car thumping firmly but not harshly over broken pavement. With a curb weight of 4559 pounds, this XC40 is 232 pounds slimmer than the last dual-motor version we tested; combine that with a slight battery upgrade—now 79.0 kilowatt-hours, versus the previous 75.0-kWh unit (still found in the dual-motor XC40)—and you get an EPA range estimate of 293 miles, a 39-mile advantage over the 2024 Twin Motor XC40. With same battery pack, the single-motor Polestar 2 gets a 320-mile EPA estimate.LOWS: Real-world highway range falls short, only modest cost savings over Twin Motor models, purchase not eligible for federal tax credit.The XC40 Single Motor may well achieve 293 miles in urban driving, but in our 75-mph highway range test, it fell well short at just 190 miles, a disappointing result that was only 10 miles better than we achieved with the dual-motor 2021 XC40. It was also surprising given that the Polestar 2 with this same battery managed 250 miles in this same test, a huge difference for these corporate siblings.Looking further at that result, we should acknowledge that the raw, unadjusted number for the XC40 was actually 198 miles, but as with all EVs, we round down to the nearest 10-mile increment so as not to overstate the number (most drivers aren’t going to wring out the very last mile of range on the highway, particularly since they can’t magically conjure up an EV charging station at the exact point where the battery runs dry). Significantly, the Polestar was rolling on 19-inch wheels versus the Volvo’s 20s. If you compare the automaker-supplied coast-down data, the XC40 on 20s requires 23 percent more energy to maintain 75 mph than does the Polestar 2 on 19s (34.0 horsepower vs. 27.6), which is very close to the difference between the two range results. With EVs, aerodynamics and wheel size really matter.Volvo says the XC40 Recharge Single Motor can slurp electrons at a max rate of 200 kilowatts (against 150 kilowatts for the Twin Motor XC40), but that also didn’t quite pan out in our testing. The max rate we saw was 150 kilowatts, and to add 100 miles of highway range would take 20 minutes. Again, the Polestar 2 fared better with the same battery pack, reaching a peak charging rate of 205 kilowatts.Related StoriesThe rest of the XC40 is largely unchanged, and it’s a testament to Volvo’s current design language that the car still looks and feels this fresh in its sixth model year (the gas-fed XC40 debuted for 2019). The XC40 is spare and modern, if not quite as futuristic as the Kia EV6. Natty gray wool-blend seat upholstery is available in the top-spec Ultimate. Faux-leather and a suede-like material are the other two choices. The absence of a front motor does not make for a larger frunk; the small space is sized about right to carry the charging cable but little more.The XC40 Recharge pioneered Volvo’s latest infotainment and its Google-based operating system, which is lag-free. The screen is on the small side, however, and having most climate-control functions on-screen is poor ergonomics. Wireless device charging is on hand, as are Android Auto and Apple CarPlay.The Single Motor XC40 is available in the same three trim levels as its extra-motor sibling: Core, Plus, and Ultimate. In each, bypassing the Twin Motor upgrade will save buyers $1750. We might have hoped for greater savings—Single Motor base prices range from $53,745 to $60,095, and the model is not eligible for the federal EV tax credit unless the car is leased.VERDICT: We don’t mind trading away some quickness but wish there was more upside.The XC40 Single Motor’s driving demeanor strikes us as a better fit for the EV-intending Volvo faithful than the muscular Twin Motor model. But this car would make a stronger case if it better delivered on its more parsimonious promise. SpecificationsSpecifications
2024 Volvo XC40 Recharge Single MotorVehicle Type: rear-motor, rear-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door wagon
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $53,745/$60,095
Options: Ultimate trim (panoramic sunroof with power sunshade, heat pump, heated rear seats, Harman/Kardon premium sound system, heated steering wheel, power seats, air purifier, 20-inch wheels), $6350
POWERTRAIN
Motor: permanent-magnet synchronous AC, 248 hp, 310 lb-ft Battery Pack: liquid-cooled lithium-ion, 79.0 kWhOnboard Charger: 11.0 kWPeak DC Fast-Charge Rate: 200 kWTransmission: direct-drive
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: struts/multilinkBrakes, F/R: 13.6-in vented disc/13.4-in vented discTires: Pirelli Scorpion Zero All Season ElectF: 235/45R-20 100H M+S VOLR: 255/40R-20 101H M+S VOL
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 106.4 inLength: 174.8 inWidth: 73.3 inHeight: 64.8 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 50/45 ft3Cargo Volume, Behind F/R: 58/22 ft3Curb Weight: 4559 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 6.5 sec1/4-Mile: 15.2 sec @ 91 mph100 mph: 19.7 secResults above omit 1-ft rollout of 0.3 sec.Rolling Start, 5–60 mph: 6.6 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 2.4 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 3.6 secTop Speed (gov ltd): 115 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 166 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.83 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMY AND CHARGING
Observed: 69 MPGe75-mph Highway Range: 190 miAverage DC Fast-Charge Rate, 10–90%: 85 kWDC Fast-Charge Time, 10–90%: 48 min
EPA FUEL ECONOMY
Combined/City/Highway: 106/118/95 MPGeRange: 293 mi
C/D TESTING EXPLAINEDJoe Lorio has been obsessed with cars since his Matchbox days, and he got his first subscription to Car and Driver at age 11. Joe started his career at Automobile Magazine under David E. Davis Jr., and his work has also appeared on websites including Amazon Autos, Autoblog, AutoTrader, Hagerty, Hemmings, KBB, and TrueCar. More