Car Reviews

From the January 1988 issue of Car and Driver.The British press has given its home­grown Panther Solo 2 a tremendous buildup. Car recently called it “the most important British sports car since the E­-type Jaguar.” Autocar, mixing its meta­phors deliriously in advance of the car’s debut at the Frankfurt Auto Show, said, “Solo won’t just steal Porsche’s limelight; it will grab it by the throat.” These testimonials, you should understand, were made before anyone had the opportunity to drive a finished Solo. Thus the second generation of Panther’s concept, with its turbocharged, 16-valve Cosworth en­gine, four-wheel drive, and race-car-style composite body construction, already has a monumental reputation to live up to.We have driven as many miles as any­one in the only fully bodied Solo 2 proto­type and have not found it wanting; how­ever, the car we drove was far from ready for production. The Solo 2 has all the right ingredients, to be sure. But they alone are no threat to the likes of Jaguar, Porsche, and Ferrari. Fortunately, no one at Panther underestimates the job that remains to be done. What started as a straightforward idea to build a modern, low-priced two-seater has become a complex story.Young C. Kim—Korean-born, American-educated—bought Panther Westwinds out of receivership in 1980 and renamed it the Panther Car Company. He took one of the company’s existing products, the Pan­ther Lima, reengineered it, arranged for a supply of chassis and aluminum bodies from Jindo Industries, the family con­glomerate in South Korea, and put it back on the market as the Kallista. Although the car was well received, it soon became clear to Kim that the sale potential of such pastiche vintage cars was limited. But there was, Kim believed, a gap in the market for a mid-engined sports coupe, built around a transverse power­train from a modern front-drive sedan. His inspiration came in part from a maga­zine article on a contest at London’s Royal College of Art. With a brief to design a sports car around a mid-mounted Ford Escort XR3 four-cylinder, the students had created designs that, in their bluff noses and far-forward driving positions, resembled Group C race cars. Kim called the college and talked to the students’ tu­tor, Ken Greenley, a freelance car design­er who had learned his trade at Vauxhall, the British GM subsidiary. The upshot was that Greenley and his partner, John Heffernan (ex-GM, ex-Audi), won the contract to style the Panther Solo.Kim commissioned ubiquitous Len Bailey, of Ford GT40 fame, to design the chassis. The fuel-injected, 105-hp, 1.6-liter XR3i engine was chosen. The result, the first Solo, was shown, and acclaimed, at the 1984 British Motor Show. Soon afterward, however, it became clear to Kim that he would not be able to meet his targets for the Solo. It would be not only slower than the conceptually sim­ilar Toyota MR2 but also more expensive. A move upmarket, to a car that would of­fer much higher performance and be based on more sophisticated technology, seemed to hold more promise. Kim redirected Panther’s sights toward a Solo with four-wheel drive and the tur­bocharged, 16-valve, 2.0-liter four­-cylinder of the Ford Sierra RS Cosworth. Ever-enthusiastic Bob Lutz, then heading Ford of Europe, examined the Solo proto­type, listened to Kim’s plans, and prom­ised a supply of the Cosworth engine. Doubling the Solo’s horsepower, shift­ing its engine orientation 90 degrees, and adding four-wheel drive required rather more than a detail redesign. In addition, Panther had decided, for marketing rea­sons, that a two-plus-two cabin was prefer­able. The team started afresh with a new, four-inch-longer chassis, drawn up by Raymar, a group of defected Ford of Eu­rope engineers who had worked on the Sierra RS Cosworth and the Sierra XR4x4. On the design side the Solo was Greenley’s baby. Ever practical, he began the car’s expansion program by cutting up the Solo l body buck—with a chain saw. When the Solo 2 emerged, only hours before its promised debut at Frankfurt, the extent of the transformation was im­mediately apparent. Although the new car is somewhat similar to the first Solo in the shape of its nose and in its thrown­-forward stance, its body is completely dif­ferent. To some eyes, the difference is not for the better. Greenley says that some critics thought the first Solo looked too bland; in contrast, the new car has been designed to advertise its performance. It certainly does that, and the rear end gives more than a clue to the involvement of race-car manufacturers. March, which provided the composite-materials tech­nology, also undertook the aerodynamic testing; it proposed the Formula 1–style rear wing, with a carefully shaped airfoil section and tucked-in end plates. March also developed the duct designs to feed air to the engine, the radiator, and the inter­cooler. Because each passage has separate inlet and outlet ports, the Solo 2, viewed from the back, is almost more holes than bodywork. The curves that surround the many ports are not all harmonious. March’s wind-tunnel work resulted in a shape that provides downforce of 33 pounds at the front and 82 at the rear at the Solo’s projected 150-mph maximum speed. There has been some sacrifice of low drag for downforce, but the drag coef­ficient of the final car is still about 0.33. The use of aerospace and race-car com­posite materials was not originally part of the plan. Having concluded that neither aluminum nor fiberglass was ideal, how­ever, Panther’s growing engineering team was attracted to racing construction tech­niques. Apart from the combination of low weight and strength that composites could provide, they promised accuracy in the fit of adjoining parts—something that specialist manufacturers always find diffi­cult to achieve. March chairman Robin Herd had long held an ambition to be­come more involved with road cars, and Comtec, his company’s composite­-materials subsidiary, had the expertise and the capacity that Panther needed. The construction of the Solo combines the new materials with an old idea. A fabri­cated sheet-steel center section comprises the floorpan and the front and rear bulk­heads; a tubular space frame extends from the rear bulkhead to support the power­train. Nothing too unusual about that: in principle, the Jaguar E-type was built the same way. In the Panther, though, the roof section, the B-pillars, and the door frames are molded from a composite sandwich of epoxy resin, aluminum hon­eycomb, and glass cloth and bonded to the metal chassis; carbon fiber is used in the A-pillars. The finished structure is so strong that steel roll bars are unnecessary. Similar materials are used for the un­stressed body panels, including Kevlar in the wheel arches for protection from stones. Kevlar is also used for the U.S.­-mandated door beams. To meet frontal-impact requirements with such a short nose, Comtec has adopt­ed an energy-management system that employs the same principle as the crush­able foot-box section of a Formula 1 car. The open ends of a horseshoe-shaped, honeycomb-filled box section lie on either side of the front luggage compartment and abut the cockpit bulkhead. The front bumper is attached to the curved end of the horseshoe. This strong but lightweight construc­tion should enable the Solo to weigh less than 2400 pounds in production form. As this is written, no car has been completed to this final specification; the show car we drove had fiberglass bodywork. The chassis development has been car­ried out on a rudimentary device known around the works as the “milk float.” Although the final car has been designed to Raymar’s layout, Raymar itself is no long­er involved; Panther now has a 30-strong engineering team of its own. It is on the strength of the milk float’s test numbers that performance estimates for the Solo have been based: the 150-mph maximum speed, 0 to 60 mph in 5.7 seconds, and a cornering limit of 0.92 g. Considering the Solo’s power-to-weight ratio, the speed claims are not unrealistic. The Cosworth engine comes with the Borg-Warner T5 five-speed gearbox of the Sierra RS, though the Solo’s overall gearing is slight­ly higher than the sedan’s. Ford doesn’t yet offer a four-wheel­-drive Cosworth Sierra, and even if it did, installing its system in the Solo wouldn’t be as simple as turning the engine and the transmission around. The Panther’s four-wheel-drive system is a Ferguson Formula design, with several components from the Sierra XR4x4 and a new transfer case. For the sake of compactness, cockpit space, and weight distribution, Panther decided to mount the engine backward, its gear­box pointing toward the front of the car. The transfer box, therefore, takes the drive to the front directly from the epicy­clic gearset, while the drive to the rear is through a Morse chain—an arrangement opposite to the Sierra’s. To provide room for the rear differential without further lengthening the wheelbase, the engine and the gearbox have been angled eight degrees to one side. A set of helical gears in the transfer box accommodates the asymmetrical layout and reverses the di­rection of the backward engine’s rotation. Like the front-engined Ford four-by-fours, the Solo has a torque split of 34 per­cent front, 66 rear. Sierra differentials are used at both ends. Viscous-coupling limited-slip devices are fitted to the center and rear differentials. It is, to say the least, an unusual ar­rangement. Looking further, the engine appears to ride high, partly because, in ad­dition to being angled to the side, it’s tipped up three degrees in back. And Pan­ther engineers wanted to avoid routing water lines from front to rear, so the cool­ing department is located entirely behind the engine: the radiator, above it the intercooler, and twin fans behind. The stan­dard air-conditioning equipment will also be located in back. The Solo’s suspension, in contrast, is conventional, with Escort-derived struts up front and a lateral link and a control arm at each rear wheel. There are no anti-­roll bars, and the Sierra steering doesn’t need and doesn’t have power assistance. The braking system, with discs all around, is equipped with an adaptation of the Scorpio’s electronic anti-lock system. The wheels and tires—195/50VR-15 Goodyear Eagle NCTs—look weak for a car of high-performance aspirations. But Phil Gillott, who has been in charge of the Solo’s chassis development since Panther took it in house, is adamant that they are the optimal size. He reduced the rim width from seven to six inches in the inter­est of better steering feel, and he reasons that a car of the Solo’s weight with four­-wheel drive needs tires of the same size front and rear and that 195-section is quite wide enough.On the road, at least at the moderate speeds that the show car allowed, Gillott’s theory held up. Though unassisted, the steering felt nicely weighted and accurate, without feeding back bumps and ridges in the pavement. An illicit attack at some tight corners showed characteristics very like the Ford four-by-four sedans’, with a willingness to oversteer under power; the Solo felt just right for a sports car. We learned some other things in this first encounter. The Solo 2 rode surpris­ingly comfortably. The integrity of the structure was impressive, too, even though the panels were made of fiberglass and didn’t fit perfectly. There seemed to be no creaks or rattles from the suspen­sion, though there was plenty of noise from other sources: the harsh note of the Cosworth, the whoosh of the turbo, and, most of all, the heterodyning of the spur gears in the prototype transfer box. Even when that last problem is solved, it seems unlikely that the Solo 2 will be a qui­et car. The rear window and the engine cover are one big composite structure, and the surrounding seal is the only upper barrier between the cockpit and the power unit. The engineers also have heat­-transfer problems to solve. Assuming that the Solo won’t literally be too hot to handle, the driver and passenger should find its cockpit a pleas­ant place to be. The driving position is fine, and there is a racing-car feel in the layout of the controls and the curved cen­ter console. The visibility through the steeply raked and multicurved windshield is good, and neither the front nor the rear pillars are too obtrusive; the view in any direction is better than most cars of this type offer. Although the Solo 2 supposed­ly has more room around the pedals than the Solo 1, the footwells are still narrow; there is nowhere to rest the left foot. The interior design scheme, in keeping with the Solo’s body construction, is high­-tech both in looks and in materials. In­stead of panels of polished wood, the dash and the door panels have the shiny surface and black weave of carbon fiber. The seats are Recaros, re-covered in gray leather. Incidentally, you can forget the rear seats for carrying real people; the space is handy for luggage, though, as there is pre­cious little room for that elsewhere. Specially produced Stewart-Warner in­struments with pale-blue faces are a nice touch. They are clustered, Formula 1 style, around a large tachometer, with the relatively tiny speedometer relegated to the bottom right, where it’s partly ob­scured by the Scorpio column switches. Most of the interior equipment—central door locking, electric window and mir­rors, etc.—is also from Ford. The tubular­-spoked Momo steering wheel and the massive, turned-alloy gearshift knob will be revised for the production cars. The Solo is now going through the long routine of certification. To start with, it will be available in Britain only, but it has been designed with all markets in mind. When it arrives in the U.S., probably no sooner than 1990, it may well have a dif­ferent engine—perhaps a 2.9-liter Ford V-6 depending on whether Ford gains EPA approval for the Cosworth. The U.K. price will be around $46,000. Panther plans to build 100 cars in 1988 and hopes to begin delivery in July. Production is due to rise to 600 in 1989.There is still much to be sorted out. March will supply the composite panels for the first cars, but Panther expects to take over their production, in a new facili­ty to be built in Essex. That means leaving the historic surroundings of the old Brooklands racetrack, where the Kallista is currently made.Such a move is probably essential, for as the Solo project has changed and become more ambitious, so has Panther. A major­ity shareholding has been acquired by an­other Korean industrial group, Ssangyong. Young Kim retains twenty-percent ownership and remains chairman and chief executive, but his horizons are now set beyond the Solo. The production of a different kind of four-wheel-driver, the Stampede, reworked from a utility four-­by-four made by Ssangyong’s Dong-A Motor Company in Korea, is likely to in­crease Panther’s total output to 5000 vehi­cles a year. The Stampede is also scheduled for the U.S. Young Kim needed the connection with an existing car manufacturer to get a foot in the door of the expanding Korean in­dustry. Panther has much to offer the Ko­reans, Kim says, pointing to the engineer­ing team that is now striving to develop the Solo to be worthy of Britain’s super-en­thusiastic welcome.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
1988 Panther Solo 2Vehicle Type: mid-engine, all-wheel-drive, 2+2-passenger, 2-door coupe
ESTIMATED BASE PRICE$46,000
ENGINEturbocharged and intercooled DOHC 24-valve inline-4, iron block and aluminum head, port fuel injectionDisplacement: 122 in3, 1993 cm3Power: 201 hp @ 6000 rpmTorque: 204 lb-ft @ 4500 rpm 
TRANSMISSION5-speed manual
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 99.6 inLength: 171.0 inWidth: 70.1 inHeight: 46.5 inCurb Weight (C/D est): 2450 lb
MANUFACTURER’S PERFORMANCE RATINGS
60 mph: 5.7 secTop Speed (est): 150 mph  More

The monikers for motorcycle genres are charmingly descriptive. A bagger has bags, a naked bike is scant on bodywork, and an adventure bike is for riding to the sort of places where you have to bribe a local official to buy three gallons of gas siphoned out of a crop-duster. To that end, adventure bikes are tall, with leggy suspension travel, big fuel tanks and tires that can tolerate some dirt. The Zero DSR/X offers all of that, except the big gas tank, because it’s powered by this newfangled electricity everyone’s talking about. Fortunately, this bike can tote quite a lot of juice.In its standard specification, the DSR/X packs 15.2 kilowatt-hours of usable capacity into the rectangular lithium-ion battery slung low in its trellis frame. Another 3.0 kilowatt-hours or so can be added via the optional $3200 Power Tank, which replaces the storage cubby in front of the rider with another battery. A 6.6-kW onboard Level 2 charger can charge the battery from zero to 95 percent in about two hours, with the optional $3000 dual charger cutting that time in half (but being incompatible with the Power Tank). Range is 180 miles in city riding—scenarios with plenty of regenerative braking and not much high-speed aero drag, which could also mean picking your way along a trail. At a steady 70 mph, though, claimed range drops to 85 miles. During a ride weighted toward fast back-road travel, we managed about 100 miles. Is 100 miles a long way to ride a motorcycle? Sure. But adventure bikes aren’t supposed to be about blasting a canyon loop and ending up back at your front door an hour and a half later. They’re about going somewhere, which means that in this case you’ll need to do some planning ahead of your rides. Out in the boonies with friends riding a Royal Enfield and a Honda Gold Wing, our turnaround point was dictated by the Zero’s state of charge—when the battery’s at 50 percent, you either head for home or calculate the mileage to a known working Level 2 charger.This can be surprisingly tricky. I considered trying to ride the Zero to the North Carolina coast, but from my house 140 miles away, there was no good way to do it with only one charge break, since the area around the halfway point is a charger desert. Zero probably chose Level 2 charging for the DSR/X because of its ubiquity, but along highways Level 3 chargers are now almost easier to find than Level 2, and plenty of DC fast-charging has sprung up around the corridors to the coast. If the Zero could accommodate both Level 2 and DC fast-charging—as any fully electric car does—then a wider range of destinations would be possible. But motorcycles, so sensitive to weight and packaging, tend to go with one charge style or the other. The Harley-Davidson LiveWire One accommodates DC fast-charging but not Level 2 (due to limitations in the onboard charger), while Harley’s S2 Del Mar is the opposite. Both of those, and the Zero, can plug in to your household outlet and charge at 1.0 kilowatt or so, which might prove useful. One day, we plugged in the Zero on a Level 1 charger during a pit stop at a fellow rider’s house and upped the charge by 5 percent. Which was important, since we rolled back into the driveway with 4 percent charge remaining. Hey, motorcycles are supposed to be exciting, right?Range is always on your mind, because the Zero’s prodigious thrust makes it difficult to exercise restraint with your throttle wrist. The electric motor’s 100 horsepower is nice, but it’s that immediate 166 pound-feet of torque that makes the bike feel lighter than its roughly 550-pound weight. There are mellow riding modes, like Rain and Eco, but we spent most of the time in Canyon, which delivers aggressive throttle response and enough regenerative braking to handle deceleration for most corners (unless, say, you’re trying to hang with a pair of maniacs on a Royal Enfield and a Gold Wing). The Showa suspension is happy to soak up potholes on a dirt road, but with 7.5 inches of travel, a Honda Africa Twin it is not (the Honda offers 9.1 inches of travel up front and 8.7 inches out back). But if you really do intend to hit the dirt, Zero offers knobby Pirelli Scorpion Rally STR tires and a chain drive to replace the standard Gates belt drive. Also a potential boon off-road: reverse, so you can back out of situations you shouldn’t have ridden into in the first place.At $24,495, the DSR/X is significantly more expensive than the $18,874 you’d pay for a top-of-the-range Africa Twin ES DCT—and just about twice the $12,390 sticker for a 99-hp BMW F 900 XR. Of course, there may be incentives, but the Zero is always going to be a premium bike among the premium bikes. More Electric Two-WheelersIs it worth it? That depends on what kind of adventures you’re after. If you can hopscotch from charger to charger, you can get a lot of places by covering 100 or 150 miles at a time. The irony of a bike like this is that it seems tethered to civilization, but is ultimately the only of its peers that could truly function off the grid, indefinitely, wherever the sun can shine on some solar panels. All you need is time.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
2023 Zero DSR/XVehicle Type: mid-motor, rear-wheel-drive, 2-passenger motorcycle
PRICE
Base: $24,495
POWERTRAIN
Motor: permanent-magnet synchronous AC, 100 hp, 166 lb-ftBattery Pack: air-cooled lithium-ion, 15.2 kWhOnboard Charger: 6.6 kWTransmission: direct-drive
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 60.0 in Curb Weight (C/D est): 557 lb
PERFORMANCE (C/D EST)
60 mph: 3.5 sec100 mph: 9.3 sec1/4-Mile: 12.5 secTop Speed: 112 mphSenior EditorEzra Dyer is a Car and Driver senior editor and columnist. He’s now based in North Carolina but still remembers how to turn right. He owns a 2009 GEM e4 and once drove 206 mph. Those facts are mutually exclusive. More

Thomas Burberry’s innovative trench coat covered the shoulders of British army officers in World War I. That it would emerge from the reeking hell of battle and become a fashion statement by the Second World War was quite the evolution. Few luxury goods of this caliber originate from war.One is the Mercedes-Benz G-class, which was developed initially for the Iranian army and instead became a West German and NATO assault vehicle during the Cold War. Only in the latter half of its 44-year run fighting Soviets and protecting popes has the G-class served as a glorified Rodeo Drive shopping cart. Not this one. We’re idling a gray 250GD called “Wolf,” which refers to early W461 two-doors built for militaries, fire brigades, and police. Plucked from a German scrap field and rebuilt fresher than it came out of the Magna Steyr factory, this 250GD is a most authentic take on the G’s original mission.Unlike many vintage-SUV restomods, a 250GD from Expedition Motor Company rattles with the same diesel inline-five and long-throw manual transmission that the German army commissioned in 1991. Anyone familiar with low-horsepower classic cars knows the drill in modern traffic: Merge with extreme caution and stay to the right. In the 15.6 seconds that an AMG G63 takes to hit 120 mph, an EMC 250GD is barely touching 55—and that’s assuming you don’t start in the crawler gear or fumble an upshift, which is easy enough to do given the 250GD’s shift linkage.EMC founder Alex Levin prefers it this way. As a boy in Belarus, he’d steer a 300GD from his father’s lap. Although his family emigrated to the United States when he was two years old, when they returned to visit, the white Mercedes hardtop with the clattering engine and knobby tires was waiting. Levin, 33, never lost the connection to his homeland. He started Expedition Motor Company in 2017 with one objective: Revive the gnarliest G-class.”You have to have some sort of roots in Europe to restore these things,” he said. “It’s tough to put the entire chain together.” Levin scavenges specific Euro-market models—only two-door diesel soft-tops from 1990 to 1993—and rebuilds them in Poland and Germany. It’s a frame-off restoration that takes some 2000 hours to complete. When Mercedes parts are scarce, his team machines or 3-D-prints them from scratch. Levin sells roughly 30 examples a year from his shop in Frenchtown, New Jersey. The 2.5-liter OM602.939, ironically called the “whisper diesel,” gets a full rebuild and an upgraded fuel supply that unlocks two precious ponies over the stock configuration’s modest output of 91 horsepower and 117 pound-feet. Unlike later G-class models, the Wolf has no center differential. It’s a part-time four-wheel-drive setup like you’d find in any 4Runner. You just have to learn the German abbreviations for Strasse, Strasse Allrad, and Gelände Allrad (2WD, 4WD Hi, 4WD Lo). Two plungers engage the axle lockers. In low range in the lowest gear, it’s impossible to stall. There are a few concessions to modern engineering and consumer tastes, namely the extra pistons on the front brake calipers and urethane suspension bushings on the front axle that improve wheel control on the road. The EMC 250GD is lifted 1.6 inches, and Levin doesn’t recommend highway travel, but for science, we pushed it to 70 mph, and the only consequence was a speaker cover coming loose. At that speed, the manual steering is light and full of trembling fear—as far as feel goes, there isn’t much. Despite its tractor soundtrack, the diesel five is smooth from idle to whatever redline is (there’s no tach). Wear a KN95 mask during cold starts, though; it’s rough and positively poisonous for the first few minutes.Related StoriesLevin is at least kind enough to include a Boss Audio head unit with a backup camera, a basic radio, functioning air conditioning, and electric heating for all four seats. There’s a teak console with cupholders and more beautiful woodwork running along the side panels and cargo floor. The most lavish option is a Mercedes five-speed automatic.Everything else is purposely inconvenient. The soft top requires 20 minutes to stretch over the frame and tie its straps through 35 loops. The rear seats are mounted high atop ammo boxes—be sure to have your passengers wear their seatbelts. Other army vestiges include a jerrycan, fold-down windshield, and bumper hooks for helicopter transport. More than a hundred people have written checks to EMC despite—or because of—the Wolf’s limitations. The $165,000 sticker is more than you’d pay for a new G550 (at least before options and dealer markup), but while Mercedes does offer civilians some military flair with the G550’s G Professional package, that essentially just buys a roof rack and ladder. If a true war machine is what you’re after, EMC makes the genuine article.Contributing EditorClifford Atiyeh is a reporter and photographer for Car and Driver, specializing in business, government, and litigation news. He is vice president of the New England Motor Press Association and committed to saving both manuals and old Volvos. More

From the November 1997 issue of Car and Driver.While looking at an illustration of the new Volkswagen Passat GLS’s four-link front suspen­sion, we noticed that the partly cutaway wheel in the picture had an Audi four-ring logo on it. You know why? Because Audi’s so-called B-platform (which has the same front suspension and is the basis for its A4 and A6 models) is now found under VW’s new Passat, too. So having artwork with an Audi logo on it is almost like boasting. The common platform also explains why the new Passat feels like a car from a higher demographic zone than the one it customarily inhabits, and it confirms com­pany chairman Ferdinand Piëch’s stated intentions of taking VW upmarket. A look under the hood reveals more shared components: the Audi A4’s 20-valve, turbo­charged, 1.8-liter four-in-line installed in a north-south position rather than the east­-west orientation found under previous Passat hoods. Audi does that to facilitate four-wheel drive, which the new Passat will get, too, eventually. From its distinctive exterior styling­—clearly evolved from the curvaceous new Beetle and Audi TT concept cars—to an interior reminiscent of a Mercedes-Benz’s, this new Passat is a suit cut from altogether different cloth, and we like it. Now 2.6 inches longer, an inch wider, an inch taller, and with a wheelbase 3.1 inches longer, there is more interior space, headroom, and cargo capacity. Yet a lot of what you get in the new GLS sedan is somewhat unexpected, and that’s a welcome change from the me-too nature of family sedans populating the low-$20,000 range.The small turbo motor is unusual in this segment, but it works very well in the Passat. Apart from slight sluggishness at takeoff if you don’t get the revs up or slip the clutch a little, it propels the 3080-pound car with considerable élan, producing eight­-second sprints to 60 mph and 16.3-second quarter-mile dashes. HIGHS: Good looks, quality interior, fine performance, good ride and handling, high fit-and-finish standards.The 20-valve four generates 155 pound-­feet of torque all the way from 1750 rpm to 4600 rpm, making the small engine much less peaky than you might expect. Although response to the throttle is less than forceful at moderate cruising speeds in fifth gear, most of the time the car answers the right pedal something like a 2.5-liter car would. And the turbo’s presence is fairly transparent, producing neither whistle nor whine nor the abrupt surge of power you feel in, say, a Saab 900. All you hear is a nice res­onant throb from the engine as it pulls steadily through its range. The relative linearity of the power delivery makes the Passat seem a lot like a normally aspirated car in fast-driving circumstances, with prompt throttle response during acceleration and double-clutched downshifts that feel quite natural—apart, that is, from the way the engine hangs on to revs during shifts, a mannerism that may be due to its pressurized intake system. With a shifter that is light and fluent, the Passat encourages your search for the best gear for continued strong acceleration. The only time the lever feels imprecise is when you press downward onto the spring-­loaded, reverse-lockout mechanism during shifts: It produces a rubbery bounce in the mechanism. After you learn not to do that, the shifter assumes the same relationship to the driver as do the steering and brakes; everything operates as if there were a plastic layer between metal and human, but not so much that it dulls all sense of immediacy. So although the steering is nicely iso­lated from nasty impacts, producing only some mild vibrations on rippled surfaces, it quickly impresses with its accuracy and integrity. If there are any manifestations of torque steer, we could not feel them. In fact, on this 1.8-liter, turbo-powered model, most owners will probably be unable to detect which wheels are driving the car. Even very hard launches produce no direc­tional caprice, because the car’s standard traction-control system activates a limited-­slip differential, balancing front-wheel grip. VW has also achieved a good roadgoing compromise on the new Passat, with a ride soft enough for the family vacation, yet with body-motion control that allows sporty driving. The Passat’s body shell is 10 per­cent stiffer than its predecessor’s, and it provides quietness and seclusion at near­-luxury-class levels. With an industry-­leading drag coefficient of 0.27, the Passat also produces little wind roar at speed. In fact, the only evidence of engineering down to a price in this VW are mild vibrations through the steering column, floor, and seat on certain surfaces. LOWS: Some road and engine vibes still come through. With anti-lock brakes standard, the Passat has good brake feel and, with a 193-foot stopping distance from 70 mph, reasonable braking performance. The brakes never feel overboosted, and they have good initial bite with little lost motion in the pedal. The responsibility for the average braking distance falls on the all-season Continental tire fitted to the car. Although these mud-and-snow radials ride fairly qui­etly and promise decent performance in varied weather conditions, the unimpres­sive 0.75-g skidpad number and our high-­speed cornering experience suggest that high-performance rubber would substantially improve all the numbers.Better rubber would also make the Passat livelier company. As it is, the Passat turns in willingly, hangs on well, and has well-mannered cornering habits. It rewards smooth inputs with surprisingly high cor­nering speeds before the front tires push wide, although it will squeal off-line imme­diately if you drop the car onto its outer front tire with fast steering inputs. When it’s understeering, the Passat will tighten its line obediently as the throttle is trailed off. It rolls a fair bit in bends but takes a firm set and is extremely stable in transitional maneuvers. For all the stability and imper­turbability, there is a surprising degree of nimbleness in the chassis. Particularly considering the comfortable spring and shock rates—soft enough to allow a touch of float over abrupt crests—and the all-weather rubber. But dynamic sophistication isn’t the be-­all and end-all of cars in this segment. Potential Passat customers will be looking for security, equipment levels, and comfort, and the GLS has some of that. Along with the ABS and traction control, the car fea­tures seatbelt pretensioners to go along with its dual airbags and dual front-seat-mounted side airbag. A remote-access system arms a theft alarm—it’s standard—and there’s a two-program trip computer to calculate fuel range and arrival times. All the windows have a one-touch-down function; the front windows go up with one touch, too, and have pinch protection. The car has an expensive-looking two­-tone interior with numerous thoughtful details, many of which are typically not available on cars in this class as standard equipment. The list includes a glove-box door with latches at both sides instead of one in the center to prevent distortion with age and use; a 60/40 split rear seatback for greater carrying versatility; a steering wheel that tilts and telescopes; anti-whistle venti­lation outlets; rear reading lights; vanity mirrors with lights set into the headliner so you don’t blind yourself; and silicone­-damped grab handles that retract noiselessly when released. Although the front seats must be adjusted by hand, they feature a roller-mounting system for easy movement, and they’re height adjustable via a low-­effort crank lever on the outboard side. Seatback rake is adjusted by the usual VW knurled knob, which allows infinitely small graduations but has to be cranked until your wrist seizes up in order to move the back­rest to full recline.More Passat Reviews From the ArchiveThe layout of the Passat’s controls is just about perfect, with clear gauges that glow a peaceful green at night and clever graphics on switches and buttons. There is even an electric fuel-filler release button, which is completely uncharacter­istic of German cars. In fact, having just looked at the new Mazda 626, which now has a manual fuel-filler flap and no rear reading lights in the name of lowered cost, we have to wonder how the Ger­mans can offer this much car for $21,250. Even though our test Passat came with $950 worth of leather upholstery, the car stickered at only $22,200. VERDICT: A standout in a sea of generic family sedans.However they do it, let’s not look a gift horse in the mouth. Here we have a sophis­ticated and stylish family sedan that pro­vides performance, comfort, and luxury at a very reasonable price. Even if this new Passat isn’t exactly the return of the people’s car, it’s certainly a deal people shopping in that price range would be wise to consider.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
1997 Volkswagen Passat GLSVehicle Type: front-engine, front-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $21,250/$22,200Options: leather seats, $950
ENGINEturbocharged and intercooled DOHC 20-valve inline-4, iron block and aluminum head, port direct fuel injectionDisplacement: 107 in3, 1781 cm3Power: 150 hp @ 5700 rpmTorque: 155 lb-ft @ 1750 rpm 
TRANSMISSION5-speed manual
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: multilink/multilinkBrakes, F/R: 11.0-in vented disc/9.6-in discTires: Continental ContiTouring Contact195/65HR-15
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 106.4 inLength: 184.1 inWidth: 68.5 inHeight: 57.4 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 53/42 ft3Trunk Volume: 15 ft3Curb Weight: 3080 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 8.0 sec1/4-Mile: 16.3 sec @ 86 mph100 mph: 22.9 secRolling Start, 5–60 mph: 9.6 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 11.3 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 9.9 secTop Speed (gov ltd): 126 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 193 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.75 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMYObserved: 26 mpg
EPA FUEL ECONOMYCity/Highway: 23/32 mpg 
C/D TESTING EXPLAINED More

From the March 1999 issue of Car and Driver.German engineers mining for torque deposits near Affalterbach must have hit a mother lode. At least, that’s what it feels like from behind the AMG-monogrammed steering wheel of this E55. Somewhere between here and the three­-pointed gun sight at the leading edge of the hood is housed 391 pound-feet of torque, available from 3000 rpm onward. This is the kind of urge that prompts you to adjust your head­rest—and those of the passengers—because a careless thrust at the throttle pedal will, in most circumstances, produce a lunge that snaps back heads faster than a space-shuttle launch.Press the ESP button located on the console, disabling the stability-control system (lighting a prominent yellow tri­angle in the dash), and you can expect wheelspin if you mash the throttle from rest. That’s with the five-speed automatic transmission that is standard equipment, folks. Brake-torque the E55 for a second before you go, and you’ll light up the 35-series rear tires in a serious fashion. HIGHS: Masterful integration of power, poise, and refinement.But if you balance your launch in a mature manner, you can expect propul­sion of a decidedly quick nature: 0 to 60 mph in 4.9 seconds and a quarter-mile sprint in 13.5 seconds at 105 mph. To get that sort of thrust from a big luxury car like this, did AMG turn the E55 into a hot rod of the brutal, kidney-crushing variety? Well, yes and no. Fast it is. Rude it ain’t. In fact, so suave is this E-class muscle car that its real potential will not be recog­nized by many passengers. You could pick up your boss at the airline terminal and transport them to their hotel at quarter-throttle, and they’d swear it was a luxury ride under them. That’s because the quiet 5.4-liter V-8 wuffles along with hydraulic smoothness and slurs gearshifts in a seamless sequence. Even at low revs, there’s enough torque to waft up hills without losing speed or digging for another gear. And only if the roads are bad will your VIP sense the ten­sioned suspension (35 percent higher-rate springs, Bilstein shocks, beefier stabilizer bars) and high-pressure, low-profile doughnuts under them. As for the drivers around you, they’ll just recognize another E-class Benz with the Sport package they’re accustomed to seeing on E430s. Unless they close up tight on the car’s tail, that is, and read the chrome letters that proclaim the car to be an E55 by AMG. Yes, the latest “Hammer” from Mercedes and its in-house speed wizards is a Q-ship. According to Mike Jackson, the recently appointed boss of Mercedes-­Benz of North America, the Germans are currently into inconspicuous consump­tion, and they want their cars—particu­larly the tuner-prepped rocket ships—to be unobtrusive. But that’s not what Jackson wanted for his mid-size giant killer in our market, and the E55 you see here is the resulting compromise. It uses an existing AMG-derived Sport package, but it’s allowed a subdued boast from its tail-mounted insignia, along with subtle AMG badging on the steering wheel and gauge cluster. It’s not a car that needs superfluous decoration, that’s for sure. At a suggested price of $71,717 (cheaper by 15 or so grand than its predecessor, the Porsche-­assembled E500), every one of the 2000 examples earmarked for the U.S. over the next four years will be snapped up. Heck, most of the first shipment will likely be absorbed by dealer principals before the public even gets a shot. Which is a pity, because this is an extraordinary vehicle, versatile beyond our wildest expectations, and as rewarding as the best drivers’ cars around. To have achieved this at a lower price than that of the preceding E500 is commendable, accomplished by keeping as much of the original E-class car intact. Unlike the E500, the E55 is essentially a fully assembled and trimmed vehicle off Mercedes-Benz’s Sindelfingen line before it is sent off to the AMG skunk­works in Affalterbach for its stroked and breathed-upon engine, its heavy-duty V-12-derived transmission, its uprated suspension and brakes, and its big wheels and tires. Because of that, the essence of the E-class car has been pre­served, but with dynamic parameters that have been extended in every way. The primary differences are manifested as a more jiggly ride with much tauter roll control, a throttle that gets into the power without the Benz-signature long and pro­gressive pedal travel, and acceleration—anytime—that is in another league. Oh, yeah, and an engine note that changes from a polite V-8 burble to a hard-edged snarl when the pedal’s down and the tach is reaching for six grand. LOWS: Seats could use more lateral support, steering-wheel spokes are too thick.Surprisingly, the steering-assist mech­anism is identical to that of the E430, and it remains light at most speeds. So light that the mechanism in a BMW 328i feels leaden in comparison. But it directs the E55 with such accuracy and fluency that more weight at the rim doesn’t seem nec­essary. In fact, when you add the car’s tenacious grip (0.88 g on the skidpad) and tightly tied-down body motions to the razor-sharp helm, the E55 can take on almost anything in the corners. But be warned, the driver will likely need some recalibration; the car’s abundantly stiff structure and good isolation lead one to underestimate corner entry speeds. On the introductory ride-and-drive in Napa, California, a couple of drivers from other publications went off the road, and we suspect that those incidents were partly due to the decep­tive ease with which this car gathers speed. What shouldn’t go unno­ticed in the E55 (and this is particularly seductive) is the push in the back you get when you pin the throttle. The torque is so prodigious (41 pound­-feet more than a Corvette’s), and the torque curve so flat, that the E55 pulls hard all the way through each gear, pro­ducing a concerted thrust like that of a 757 on a takeoff run. It just keeps on coming. Aerodynamic drag beyond triple-digit speeds does little to blunt its charge, and our E55 was still accelerating when it hit an electronic limiter at 158 mph. Hard enough to suggest a real top speed somewhere around 180 mph. Still, 158 ought to be enough for most people, and at that speed the E55 tracks as straight as a die. More E55 Archive Reviews and Best AMGsAt more reasonable rates of travel, the E55 assumes its more civilized persona, providing a smooth, quiet ride that will take its occupants on interstate travel with little discomfort. This is perhaps the car’s most noteworthy aspect. When not being flogged hard, it behaves more like a limo than a supercar. In fact, the transmission’s computer reads driver inputs and adjusts its activities accordingly. The compromises you accept for this broad operating bandwidth are few. A sus­pension designed for high speeds and mas­sive cornering potential can’t be expected to traverse broken surfaces without trans­mitting some impact shock and movement into the car. On the other end of the scale, the factory-issue seats (available in all­-black leather or in two-tone combinations of black and blue and black and silver) are firm and supportive enough for a cross­-continent tour, but they lack the wrap­around support of dedicated sport seats. We also found the leather-wrapped wheel (also available in solid or two-tone hues) to have a rather obstructive arrangement of spokes and thumb pads, leaving too little rim available for those of us with large hands. Understand, please, that this is deliberate picking of the smallest nits. For most people’s needs, the mix of sporting and luxury attributes is right on the money. As the two companies involved in the E55’s genesis have drawn closer (AMG is being acquired by Daimler-­Chrysler), so the levels of sophistication have increased. Thus, the E55 retains all the elaborate technical aspects of the V-8-powered E-class cars: the stability- and traction-control systems; the twin-plug cylinder heads; the variable-volume intake tract; the oil-quality monitor-in short, all the assets of a factory-backed product.VERDICT: This is a real everyday supercar.Indeed, this close integration of a leading-edge manufacturer and its spe­cialist engineering consulting service is really what defines the new E55 and its nearly perfect blend of pedigree and power. Remember, 1998 saw Mercedes and AMG bring home two world-champi­onship motorsports trophies as well as launch the E55. It looks like a winning streak to us.Counterpoints Five minutes behind the wheel, and sud­denly I have a new favorite Mercedes. Floor the accelerator on most automatic Mercedes models, and the transmission responds, “You sure you want me to downshift? Positive? Right now? Okay.” Floor the E55, and it says, “Faster? Yesss!” The muted V-8 burble, the taut suspension that still gives an excellent ride, the ultra-low-profile Michelins, the supple leather bucket seats that are as comfy as anything in your living room—the E55 may well be the ulti­mate in understated executive transport. At least until the new BMW M5 migrates to America. —Steven Cole Smith Isn’t it interesting that Mercedes has always subscribed to the American big-engine approach when creating its sports sedans? To create the legendary 300SEL 6.3 back in 1968, Mercedes employed the 6.3-liter V-8 from the 600 limousine. With the new E55, Mercedes has followed the same path by shoehorning its largest V-8 into the mid-size E-class sedan. With about 70 percent more displacement than the base E-class 3.2-liter V-6 has, the E55 is a rocket, flattening you in your seat all the way to its 158-mph governor. And it produces this thrust with effortless refinement, proving once again that there is indeed no substitute for cubic inches. —Csaba CsereArrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
1999 Mercedes E55 AMGVehicle Type: front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $71,717/$73,302Options: six-disc CD changer and cellular telephone, $1495; luxury tax on options, $90
ENGINESOHC V-8, aluminum block and heads, port fuel injectionDisplacement: 332 in3, 5439 cm3Power: 349 hp @ 5500 rpmTorque: 391 lb-ft @ 3000 rpm 
TRANSMISSION5-speed automatic
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: control arms/multilinkBrakes, F/R: 13.2-in vented disc/11.8-in vented discTires: Michelin Pilot SportF: 245/40ZR-18R: 275/35ZR-18
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 111.5 inLength: 189.4 inWidth: 70.8 inHeight: 56.7 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 51/44 ft3Trunk Volume: 15 ft3Curb Weight: 3765 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 4.9 sec100 mph: 12.1 sec1/4-Mile: 13.5 sec @ 105 mph130 mph: 22.4 secRolling Start, 5–60 mph: 5.1 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 3.0 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 3.4 secTop Speed (gov ltd): 158 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 156 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.88 g 
C/D FUEL ECONOMY
Observed: 18 mpg
EPA FUEL ECONOMYCity/Highway: 16/23 mpg 
C/D TESTING EXPLAINED More

From the November 1997 issue of Car and Driver.George Hurst’s first customized shifter was for a 1956 Chevy. It had shorter throws from gear to gear and a more precise feel than stock shifters. In no time, performance drivers everywhere were lining up for them. Detroit automakers were serious about perfor­mance back then, and by the Sixties, a Hurst shifter could be ordered on many cars—even Buicks! In 1968, Hurst went beyond just turning out shifters. He built an Oldsmobile Cut­lass 442 with a huge Toronado 455-cubic-­inch V-8 under the hood. In addition to all that horsepresssure, this Hurst car stressed speed and comfort—something tradition­ally absent in most muscle cars of the day. Moreover, at the time, GM had a ban on engines larger than 400 cubic inches from all but the largest models. Oldsmobile may have seen the Hurst car as one way to get around GM’s policy and keep one serious racehorse in the stable by producing reg­ular Cutlass 442s and then having Hurst perform the engine swap after the cars left the factory. Since 1968, nine Oldsmobiles and three American Motors cars have carried Hurst badging. The latest Hurst car, a modified 1997 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am WS6, developed in a roundabout way. Hurst, now owned by Mr. Gasket, the performance­-parts company, borrowed a car from Pon­tiac to develop a shifter for the Firebird’s automatic transmission.Pontiac PR man Mark Hitchins handed over a black WS6 and suggested that maybe it was time for another Hurst car. Hurst agreed. Since both Pontiac and Hurst wanted the car to be more than just a paint­-and-trim package, they called well-known aftermarket tuner John Lingenfelter. The result is not just a Hurst Firebird—it’s a Hurst Firebird by Lingenfelter. Lingenfelter’s goal was to increase horsepower without jacking up the price too severely. The LT1 engine in a stock 1997 WS6 Firebird with a ram-air intake system makes 305 hp; Lingenfelter wanted to kick that up to 350. Just as Primatene Mist opens up clogged breathing passages, Lingenfelter uncorked the LT1. First, he ported a set of cylinder heads and an intake manifold from the now defunct Corvette Grand Sport’s LT4 engine and installed them. Next came stronger valve springs and pushrods with titanium retainers (these helped allow the redline to increase by 800 revs). Longer roller rocker arms and a Lin­genfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) custom-ground camshaft provided higher lift and more duration. On the exhaust side, Lingenfelter installed new headers and added a Borla stainless-steel exhaust system. To handle the increased power, he specified an alu­minum driveshaft 3.5 inches in diameter and, for more traction, swapped the original Goodyear rubber for Michelin Pilot SX tires, in the same size.Of course, the Hurst six-speed shifter, with its well-established short throws and precise feel, was also added. A Hurst custom job also includes a dose of body cha-cha. A ground-effects package complements the lower body panels, although WS6 Firebirds are already so busy-bodied that it’s tough to notice the new zoot. There is, however, no missing the car’s trick paint job, with gold aluminum wheels and gold paint cov­ering the decklid and the hood.The car is loaded with options. There’s a T-top, power leather seats (they bear badges that say “Hurst Firebird by Lin­genfelter”), a CD and cassette player, cruise control, and power for the mirrors, windows, and locks. More on the Pontiac FirebirdWe like the extra options, but let’s face it: This car is about extra speed. At the track, the 15-percent increase in horse­power pays off. The 0-to-60 routine takes 4.7 seconds, which is 0.6 second quicker than the new LS1-powered ’98 Trans Am. The quarter-mile flashes by in just 13.1 seconds at 111 mph. That makes this Hurst car the quickest set of wheels in the GM stable—outrunning even the new Corvette. (The fastest new Vette we’ve tested hit 60 mph in 4.8 seconds and ran the quarter­-mile in 13.3 seconds at 109 mph.) The Hurst Firebird is still ahead of the Vette at 150 mph, and it stays there to a whopping terminal velocity of 182 mph, 23 mph faster than the new Trans Am and 7 mph faster than the Vette. Given the Vette’s 345 horsepower rating—that’s five less than this Hurst car—we think Lingenfelter’s estimate of 350 horses is, as even he says, “conservatively low.” Oh, did we mention that the Hurst car generates 0.89 g on the skidpad, which is an improvement of 0.04 over the stock ver­sion? Did we mention there is no free lunch? In 1968, a Hurst package added $400 to the model. Today, it adds $15,495. Tack that onto an already pricey $28,789 WS6 Firebird, and you have—cha-­ching!—a payment schedule involving $44,947. Well, think of this car as the most exclusive ride this side of a Ferrari F50. That’s because only nine of these Hurst Firebirds by Lingenfelter (designated as 1997 models) will make it into customers’ hands. Why so few? The original plan called for 50 cars, but by the time con­tractual details were finalized, only nine WS6 cars, of 3807 built, had yet to be sold. Pontiac and Lingenfelter haven’t inked a deal yet for a Hurst version of the new LS1-powered Firebird, but chances are good they will. Either way, if you were one of the lucky souls to get your hands on a 1997 model, hang on to it. Who knows? Twenty years from now, it just might be worth some serious cash.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
1997 Pontiac Hurst Firebird by LingenfelterVehicle Type: front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2+2-passenger, 2-door coupe
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $21,249/$44,947Options: Hurst package (LPE 350-hp engine package, ground effects, Hurst shifter, aluminum driveshaft, gold graphics, car cover, gold aluminum wheels, Michelin Pilot SX 275/40ZR-17 tires, oil cooler, embroidered floor mats and headrests, numbered dash plaque, and key chain), $15,495; WS6 option package (ram-air induction system, air scoops, dual polished exhaust outlets, performance suspension), $3345; 1SB option package (power locks, windows, and mirrors; cruise control; rear-window defroster), $1121; T-tops, $995; leather seats, $829; remote CD changer, $595; steering-wheel radio controls, $200; keyless entry, $150; Delco stereo, $130; theft alarm, $90; power antenna, $85; luxury tax on options, $663
ENGINEpushrod V-8, iron block and aluminum heads, port fuel injectionDisplacement: 350 in3, 5733 cm3Power: 350 hp @ 6000 rpmTorque: 375 lb-ft @ 4500 rpm 
TRANSMISSION6-speed manual
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: control arms/live axleBrakes, F/R: 10.7-in vented disc/11.4-in vented discTires: Michelin Pilot SX275/40ZR-17
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 101.1 inLength: 197.0 inWidth: 74.5 inHeight: 52.0 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 53/31 ft3Trunk Volume: 13 ft3Curb Weight: 3554 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 4.7 sec100 mph: 10.9 sec1/4-Mile: 13.1 sec @ 111 mph130 mph: 18.8 sec150 mph: 30.6 secRolling Start, 5–60 mph: 5.6 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 14.0 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 13.5 secTop Speed (drag ltd): 182 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 176 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.89 g  
C/D TESTING EXPLAINED More

From the January 1988 issue of Car and Driver.The traditional wind-in-the-face sports car came perilously close to extinction during the seventies, the victim of an un­usual combination of forces. Horsepower and performance were sapped by the exi­gencies of two energy crises and tighten­ing emissions regulations. A shrinking economy reduced the demand for two­-seaters and other cars of questionable practicality. Finally, a general falling-out­-of-love with the automobile helped to sweep convertibles of all types from the American market.Fortunately, all of these trends have re­versed. Power and performance are at all­-time highs, two-seaters are common again, and convertibles are enjoying a re­markable resurgence. Still, the traditional top-down, two-seat sports car has been slow to bounce back. It’s true that convert­ible editions of the big-gun Chevrolet Corvette, the gold-plated Porsche 911, and the low-volume TVR 280i have been available for several years, but they’re all priced beyond the reach of most buyers. Except for the Panther Kallista, no afford­able top-down sportster has come to mar­ket within the past decade.Until now, that is. Mazda has rectified the situation at last with a new convertible version of its RX-7. It’s only fitting that the RX-7 convertible should herald the return of the affordable topless sports car, for it was the RX-7 coupe that, ten years ago, ushered in the modern era of the afford­able closed sports car. And just as that ma­chine turned thousands of buyers on to the pleasures of sporty automotion, the new convertible, priced at $20,500, should go far to acquaint the newest gen­eration of sporty drivers with the joys of motoring in close communion with the elements. If you are unfamiliar with those joys, take it from us that there are few experi­ences more pleasurable than driving a low-slung open car on a warm, beautiful, sunny day. And to those who remember the roadsters of decades past, we can as­sure you that the sensation of motion and the exposure to the environment are just as satisfying in the RX-7 convertible as they were in an MG TC in the forties. The rest of the driving experience, of course, is far better. Mazda designed the second-generation RX-7 with a convertible in mind right from the start. Instead of being a cut-and­-chopped version of the RX-7 coupe, the new convertible is built on its own assem­bly line and incorporates all the necessary strengthening modifications from the ground up. To make up for the lost structural benefits of a fixed roof, the convertible’s front crossmember, door pillars, rear side frames, and central tunnel are reinforced with additional plates and stiffen­ers. The side sills are stamped from thicker steel, the A-pillars are made with a larger section, and an additional crossmember is added in the rear to stiff­en the suspension area.In the interest of both structural integri­ty and noise isolation, Mazda has given the RX-7 convertible an unusual top design. The top looks like a standard ragtop at first glance, but it consists of two distinct parts. The flat roof above the passengers is a rigid panel made from sheet molding compound, a fiberglass material. The rear portion of the top is a more or less con­ventional fabric-over-folding-frame struc­ture; a welcome departure from convention is a glass rear window, complete with a defroster. The dual-top design allows the overhead panel to be removed to cre­ate a targa effect. Another innovation on the RX-7 con­vertible is a device Mazda calls a “windblocker.” Looking something like an oversize sun visor, it’s a nicely finished, 12-by-43-inch hinged plastic panel locat­ed behind the seats. When the top is down, raising the windblocker extends it several inches above the beltline; in this position it deflects much of the turbulent airflow that would otherwise curl over the windshield and strike the passengers from the rear. Mazda claims that, at 60 mph, the windblocker reduces the velocity of air past the driver’s right ear from more than 15 to about 3 mph. Of course, if one pre­fers the full hurricane effect, the wind­blocker can be folded down.The unusual top design and windblocker turn the RX-7 into a satisfying convertible. Lowering the top is relatively simple, because its two portions are con­nected so that they move as a single unit. First you unlatch two hooks that clamp the flat panel to the windshield header. (These latches are normally hidden by folding cover panels.) Then you turn a knob on the instrument binnacle to acti­vate the two electric motors that retract the top. The rear portion drops into place behind the seats automatically, but you have to undo a catch to allow the rigid part of the roof to fold down and into the stor­age cavity. The final step is to cover the folded top with an old-fashioned, snap-on tonneau; this is the least sophisticated as­pect of the design, but at least it’s tailored well enough so that pulling it into place never becomes a tug of war. With the top down, body shake is mini­mal on good roads. There is no discern­ible bending and little torsional twisting. On very rough roads, the cowl does quiver noticeably when the two ends of the car are twisted in opposite directions, but the RX-7 keeps its tires nicely planted. The windblocker also works as prom­ised. When both it and the windows are raised, the interior is a comfortable co­coon of reasonably still air, with none of the gale-force winds that make conversa­tion and climate control difficult. Mazda hopes that this feature will extend the ap­peal of the RX-7 convertible into climates where warm days are in the minority. On a fiftyish fall Michigan day, we had little trouble keeping the cockpit warm.For even more weather protection, one can drive with the rear portion of the top erected and the overhead panel removed. In this targa configuration, the RX-7’s cockpit is as calm as that of a coupe with an open sunroof. Removing the rigid panel is a bit of a chore, however. First you must fully retract the entire top; then you have to manipulate two sets of latches and cov­ers to detach the fairly heavy panel. Once removed, the panel stows flat in the bot­tom of the trunk (where, fortunately, it doesn’t take up much of the limited lug­gage space). Of course, even though the romantic at­traction of a convertible is topless motor­ing, most convertibles are driven most of­ten with their tops raised. In that mode, the RX-7 convertible is outstanding. With the top up, the car is very rigid, with no de­tectable cowl shake or wiggling on any surface. It’s not quite as solid as an RX-7 coupe, but it compares well with a Cor­vette coupe, for example. And, as Mazda promises, the solid roof panel helps to minimize air leaks, wind howl, and the general buffeting and floppiness inherent in most fabric tops. In other respects the convertible is much like the standard RX-7. It has the same suspension, with struts in front and an elaborate semi-trailing-arm arrange­ment with articulating hubs in the rear. Because the convertible is more than 300 pounds heavier than an equivalent coupe, however, it’s fitted with stiffer springs all around and the larger vented disc brakes from the higher-performance models. The only powertrain available in the convertible is the 146-hp, normally aspi­rated two-rotor engine coupled to a five­-speed manual transmission. To help the convertible achieve the same EPA fuel-­economy ratings as its lighter brethren (17 city, 24 highway), Mazda fits it with a 3.91:1 final drive instead of the 4.10 used on other RX-7s. More Reviews From the ArchiveMaintaining fuel efficiency is certainly a worthy goal, but in this case it takes a se­vere toll on performance. Our convertible needed 9.2 seconds to reach 60 mph from rest and 16.9 seconds to cover the stand­ing quarter-mile. The 1986 RX-7 GXL we tested two years ago hit 60 mph in but 7.7 seconds and sprinted through the quarter in 16 seconds flat. The differences are even greater in top gear: the convertible needs more than nineteen seconds to am­ble from 30 to 50 or from 50 to 70 mph, whereas the earlier car ran both tests in the high-twelve-second range. At least the convertible’s ultimate velocity, aided by a top-up drag coefficient of 0.33, matches the coupe’s 124-mph performance. With the top down, the drag coefficient rises to 0.38, and top speed falls to 118 mph. The driver can compensate for the per­formance shortfall to some extent by us­ing the lower gears to stay in the engine’s upper rev range. The rotary spins willing­ly enough, and staying above 4000 rpm brings the extra benefit of avoiding the annoying throttle dashpot that otherwise makes smooth shifting impossible. Such tactics, of course, cancel out the fuel-effi­ciency advantage of the taller axle ratio. Perhaps we wouldn’t miss the power if the RX-7 convertible were a driving dull­ard. It’s anything but that: the topless model exhibits the same crisp road man­ners we’ve come to expect from other RX-7s. The suspension keeps body mo­tions under tight control, yet the ride is comfortably supple and the steering is precise and agile. There is plenty of grip available as well, with a peak adhesion of 0.80 g. Stability at the limit is excellent. The convertible’s standard equipment includes an upgraded sound system, 6.5-inch-wide BBS wheels, and power steer­ing, windows, and mirrors. An options package on our test car included leather seats, a compact-disc player, and dual speakers in each headrest. The sound sys­tem produced beautiful music, and the speaker locations made it easy to enjoy whether the top was up or down. Aside from its disappointing accelera­tion, we can find little fault with Mazda’s new convertible. It offers all the benefits of open motoring but presents few of the traditional drawbacks. And when its equipment additions are taken into ac­count, it costs only about $3000 more than the RX-7 coupe. That makes the RX-7 convertible the best deal in topless sports cars on the market.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
1988 Mazda RX-7 ConvertibleVehicle Type: front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-passenger, 2-door convertible
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $20,759/$24,018Options: option package (includes leather seats, compact-disc player, cruise control, tilt steering, headrest speakers), $2400; air conditioning, $859
ENGINE
two-rotor Wankel, aluminum rotor housings, cast-iron end plates, port fuel injectionDisplacement: 80 in3, 1308 cm3Power: 146 hp @ 6500 rpmTorque: 138 lb-ft @ 3500 rpm 
TRANSMISSION5-speed manual
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: struts/semi-trailing armBrakes, F/R: 10.9-in vented disc/10.7-in vented discTires: Bridgestone Potenza RE71205/60VR-15
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 95.7 inLength: 168.9 inWidth: 66.5 inHeight: 49.8 inPassenger Volume, F: 48 ft3Trunk Volume: 4 ft3Curb Weight: 3012 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 9.2 sec1/4-Mile: 16.9 sec @ 82 mph100 mph: 28.9 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 19.3 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 19.4 secTop Speed: 124 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 196 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.80 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMYObserved: 18 mpg
EPA FUEL ECONOMYCity/Highway: 17/24 mpg 
C/D TESTING EXPLAINEDContributing EditorCsaba Csere joined Car and Driver in 1980 and never really left. After serving as Technical Editor and Director, he was Editor-in-Chief from 1993 until his retirement from active duty in 2008. He continues to dabble in automotive journalism and LeMons racing, as well as ministering to his 1965 Jaguar E-type, 2017 Porsche 911, and trio of motorcycles—when not skiing or hiking near his home in Colorado.  More

From the September 2023 issue of Car and Driver.Having options is a great thing. Succession or Ted Lasso tonight? Nikes or Skechers to the office today? French fries or a side salad with lunch? BMW is now offering buyers of its all-new max-luxe 7-series sedan an intriguing choice: Gas or electric? With either, the rest of the menu is the same. BMW isn’t the only carmaker building internal-combustion and battery-powered vehicles on the same platform; Ford, Genesis, and Volvo are doing it too. BMW is, however, the first in the upper-crust luxury-sedan space to try it. The 7-series competes with the Mercedes-Benz S-class, but BMW’s rival puts its lozenge-shaped EQS EV on bespoke underpinnings. BMW’s twofer strategy offers the opportunity for a different kind of comparison test: pitting a car against itself. We gathered the gas-fired 760i xDrive and the electric i7 xDrive60 and drove them back to back in hopes of revealing whether one of those propulsion systems better supports the 7-series’ luxury mission. The 760i and the i7 are a natural match for this platform comparison. The 760i’s S68 twin-turbo 4.4-liter V-8 and the i7’s pair of current-excited AC synchronous motors spin up an identical 536 horses. (The other gas model in the 7-series lineup, the six-cylinder 740i, puts out 375 horsepower.) Torque output is within four pound-feet of each other too. Serendipity. The gas and electric 7s hide their true identities beneath a cloak of virtually identical bodywork. Hint: If you don’t see exhaust tips, it’s the EV. Their mirror-image cabins are a haven of peace, haute design, and plush materials. Climb behind the wheel of either, and you’ll feel like your net worth just shot up faster than a SpaceX rocket. It’s a long scroll down the list of standard equipment, as it should be with cars that start at these prices—$117,395 for the 760i and $120,295 for the i7. From the super-soft leather covering almost every surface and the glass control knobs to the 655-watt Bowers & Wilkins audio system with its delicately hewn metal speaker grilles, every detail is beautifully executed.Greg Pajo|Car and DriverGreg Pajo|Car and DriverThat’s just the start. The 7-series offers a tempting menu of decadent, labor-saving, and driver-assist side dishes. Both of our test cars had enough delectable extras to rival a Rolls-Royce. The good stuff included massaging front and rear seats, a reclining “lounge” right-rear passenger’s seat with a fold-out footrest, automatic doors that power themselves open and closed at the touch of a button (yes, just like on a Rolls), a 31.3-inch fold-down rear screen for streaming entertainment, and an even more powerful Bowers & Wilkins sound system with 36 speakers. All in, their as-tested stickers were close, at $151,845 for the 760i and $151,995 for the i7. Of course, it’s what burbles and hums underneath this master-of-the-universe extravagance that distinguishes these doppelgängers. While the 760i’s front-engine all-wheel-drive layout is thoroughly conventional, the i7 snuggles its flat, 4.3-inch-high, 101.7-kWh battery under the cabin. Getting it to fit required raising the cabin floor slightly, which BMW says reduces rear leg-room by a half-inch—not that you can tell. It’s like a limo back there, essentially identical to the 760i, with enough room for a six-foot human to stretch out fully in the reclining lounge seat once the front passenger’s chair dutifully motors forward. The i7’s raised floorpan reduces trunk space slightly, from 19 cubic feet to 18, and there’s no frunk to make up for the loss.While virtually everything you can see and touch is interchangeable between the gas and electric 7s, their defining personality traits reveal themselves on the road. Where the i7 whooshes, the 760i thrums. The i7 accelerates silently and seamlessly, its progress uninterrupted by a transmission shifting gears. The 760i moves out with the V-8’s expensive-sounding music as a constant, if muted, presence. The gas car’s eight-speed automatic goes almost unnoticed. The V-8 rips too, hurling the 5317-pound 760i to 60 mph in just 3.5 seconds and through the quarter-mile in 11.9 seconds at 117 mph—numbers that are almost dead-on with the new M2’s. The i7 weighs 6084 pounds—batteries are heavy—so it’s no surprise that its straight-line sprints lag behind the 760i’s. The i7, too, benefits from all-wheel-drive traction, and with a 60-mph time of 4.4 seconds and a 12.7-second quarter-mile at 114 mph, it’s plenty quick enough to cause passengers to spill their champagne. Performance numbers aside, the i7’s dead-quiet, smooth-as-melting-Häagen-Dazs demeanor wowed us. “If you told someone there was a Rolls-Royce V-12 up front,” said executive editor K.C. Colwell, “they would believe you.” Electric propulsion feels like a perfect fit with the 7-series’ mission of separate-me-from-reality luxury. Greg Pajo|Car and DriverGreg Pajo|Car and DriverThe i7 has the 760i’s moves too, despite carrying 767 more pounds. Our cars wore optional 21-inch summer rubber and had active anti-roll bars. These BMWs proved nimble for such big boats and close in terms of braking distance and skidpad grip, but they’re not sports sedans. Their air-spring suspensions are tuned for isolation and total comfort rather than back-road shenanigans, and they do a convincing job of repaving even the worst roads. Stress-free convenience is a luxury too, and there’s no question that a car you can fill up anytime, anywhere, with gasoline is easier to live with than one that needs plugging in. Score one for the 760i. But the i7 delivers enough miles between charges to mitigate range anxiety. On our 75-mph highway range test, the electric Bimmer was good for 310 miles, beating its EPA estimate by two miles—though that’s still 40 miles short of what a Mercedes-Benz EQS580 4Matic delivered in our testing. Recharging at home won’t be particularly quick. The i7’s 11.0-kW onboard charger will take the big battery from zero to 100 percent on a Level 2 charger in 10.5 hours, according to BMW. In our DC fast-charge test, conducted at a 350-kW charging station, the i7’s battery level went from 10 to 90 percent in 47 minutes at an average of 102 kilowatts with a peak charging rate of 194 kilowatts. The EQS580 and the Tesla Model S Plaid fast-charge their batteries quicker. We probably don’t need to remind you, but there’s nothing luxurious about a longer wait.Greg Pajo|Car and DriverGreg Pajo|Car and DriverBoth the 760i xDrive and the i7 xDrive60 are elegant, plush, and poised. But one of them is better at the luxury sedan’s core mission of isolating passengers from noise, vibration, and harshness. The hushed powertrain of the i7 puts it closer than its gas sibling to that sensory-deprivation-tank ideal. Yet if you plan on taking cross-country road trips, the 760i would be your no-stress travel companion. You could make the same journeys in an i7, but that would require more planning and a little luck, given the spotty state of America’s charging infrastructure. Stay mainly within 150 miles of home, though, and the creamy, dreamy i7 xDrive60 is the 7-series to have. As options go, that’s an easy one.Arrow pointing downArrow pointing downSpecificationsSpecifications
2023 BMW 760i xDriveVehicle Type: front-engine, all-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $117,395/$151,845 Options: Rear Executive Lounge Seating (reclining seat and footrest, Executive Lounge rear console, BMW Theater Screen), $7250; BMW Individual Composition (Alcantara headliner), $5450; Bowers & Wilkins sound system, $4800; Executive package (automatic doors, crystal headlights, front massaging seats), $3700; Autobahn package (Active Comfort Drive w/ preview, active roll stabilization), $3600; Luxury Rear Seating package (multifunction rear seats, rear massaging seats), $3000; Driving Assistance Pro package (Active Driving Assistant Pro, Highway Assistant), $2100; 21-inch M Aerodynamic Jet Black wheels, $1300; Climate Comfort laminated glass, $1300; M Sport Professional package, $950; Parking Assistance package (Parking Assistant Professional, surround view w/ 3D view), $900; interior camera, $100 
ENGINE
twin-turbocharged DOHC 32-valve V-8, aluminum block and heads, direct fuel injectionDisplacement: 268 in3, 4395 cm3Power: 536 hp @ 6500 rpmTorque: 553 lb-ft @ 1800 rpm
TRANSMISSION
8-speed automatic
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: multilink, air springs, active anti-roll bar/multilink, air springs, active anti-roll barBrakes, F/R: 15.6-in vented disc/15.7-in vented discTires: Pirelli P Zero PZ4F: 255/40R-21 (102Y) PNCS ★R: 285/35R-21 (105Y) ★
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 126.6 inLength: 212.2 inWidth: 76.8 inHeight: 60.8 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 58/54 ft3Trunk Volume: 19 ft3Curb Weight: 5317 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 3.5 sec100 mph: 8.6 sec1/4-Mile: 11.9 sec @ 117 mph130 mph: 14.7 secResults above omit 1-ft rollout of 0.2 sec.Rolling Start, 5–60 mph: 4.7 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 2.5 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 3.0 secTop Speed (gov ltd): 156 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 160 ftBraking, 100–0 mph: 331 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.89 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMY
Observed: 20 mpg75-mph Highway Driving: 30 mpg75-mph Highway Range: 580 mi
EPA FUEL ECONOMY
Combined/City/Highway: 21/18/26 mpg
— 
2023 BMW i7 xDrive60Vehicle Type: front- and rear-motor, all-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
PRICE
Base/As Tested: $120,295/$151,995 Options: Rear Executive Lounge Seating (reclining seat and footrest, executive lounge rear console, BMW Theater Screen), $7250; Executive package (active comfort drive w/ preview, automatic doors, crystal headlights, front massaging seats, active-roll stabilization), $6550; BMW Individual Composition (Alcantara headliner), $5450; Bowers & Wilkins sounds system, $4800; Driving Assistance Pro package (Active Driving Assistance Pro, Highway Assistant) $2100; 21-inch aerodynamic wheels, $1300; climate comfort laminated glass, $1300; Parking Assistance package (Parking Assistant Professional, surround view w/ 3D view), $1250; Smoke White Full Merino leather, $1000;  Luxury Rear Seating package (rear massaging seats), $600; interior camera, $100 
POWERTRAIN
Front Motor: current-excited synchronous AC, 255 hp, 269 lb-ft Rear Motor: current-excited synchronous AC, 308 hp, 280 lb-ft Combined Power: 536 hpCombined Torque: 549 lb-ftBattery Pack: liquid-cooled lithium-ion, 101.7 kWhOnboard Charger: 11.0 kWPeak DC Fast-Charge Rate: 195 kWTransmissions: direct-drive
CHASSIS
Suspension, F/R: multilink, air springs, active anti-roll-bar/multilink, air-springs, active anti roll barBrakes, F/R: 14.7-in vented disc/14.6-in vented discTires: Pirelli P Zero PZ4F: 255/40R-21 (102Y) PNCS ★R: 285/35R-21 (105Y) ★
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 126.6 inLength: 212.2 inWidth: 76.8 inHeight: 60.8 inPassenger Volume, F/R: 58/54 ft3Trunk Volume: 18 ft3Curb Weight: 6084 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
60 mph: 4.4 sec100 mph: 9.8 sec1/4-Mile: 12.7 sec @ 114 mph130 mph: 18.4 secResults above omit 1-ft rollout of 0.3 sec.Rolling Start, 5–60 mph: 4.6 secTop Gear, 30–50 mph: 1.8 secTop Gear, 50–70 mph: 2.5 secTop Speed (gov ltd): 150 mphBraking, 70–0 mph: 162 ftBraking, 100–0 mph: 331 ftRoadholding, 300-ft Skidpad: 0.92 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMY AND CHARGING
Observed: 73 MPGe75-mph Highway Driving: 94 MPGe75-mph Highway Range: 310 miAverage DC Fast-Charge Rate, 10–90%: 102 kWDC Fast-Charge Time, 10–90%: 47 min
EPA FUEL ECONOMY
Combined/City/Highway: 87/85/89 MPGeRange: 310 mi
C/D TESTING EXPLAINEDDirector, Buyer’s GuideRich Ceppos has evaluated automobiles and automotive technology during a career that has encompassed 10 years at General Motors, two stints at Car and Driver totaling 19 years, and thousands of miles logged in racing cars. He was in music school when he realized what he really wanted to do in life and, somehow, it’s worked out. In between his two C/D postings he served as executive editor of Automobile Magazine; was an executive vice president at Campbell Marketing & Communications; worked in GM’s product-development area; and became publisher of Autoweek. He has raced continuously since college, held SCCA and IMSA pro racing licenses, and has competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona. He currently ministers to a 1999 Miata and a 1965 Corvette convertible and appreciates that none of his younger colleagues have yet uttered “Okay, Boomer” when he tells one of his stories about the crazy old days at C/D. More